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= eae Bers = Tires fers weil EiSietrs- ae earnest TES tts ss Beaters ee eee OTs SSIS iit easaee Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage at AHA AGRA UI, ets mmm am in Bay he HC itt SPCC nOnrOnhonrcrcnrccrccecnecrecrcnrocecpeonrecrercrrrr Cre’ a LM Oimrr ma CO CCt COC Lath ulds Editorial Committee E.M. Ross (editor) R.J.F, Henderson (technical advisor) Word Processing Y.C. Smith Austrobaileya Vol. 1, No. 1 was published on 1 December 1977 Vol. 3, No. 4 was published on 9 September 1992 Austrobaileya is published once per year. Exchange: This journal will be distributed on the basis of exchange. Subscriptions: Orders for single issues and subscriptions may be placed. The price is (1993) A$25 per issue for individuals, A$40 for institutions, including postage. All correspondence relating to exchange, subscriptions or contributions to this journal should be addressed to The Editor, Austrobaileya, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. ISSN 0155-4131 © Queensland Herbarium 1993 Austrobaileya is the journal of the Queensland Herbarium and is devoted to publication of results of sound research and of informed discussion on plant systematics, with special emphasis on Queensland plants. Opinions expressed by authors are their own and do not necessarily represent the policies or views of the Queensland Herbarium. Austrobaileya 4(1): 1-137 (1993) Contents Aspects of rarity in the Australian flora 7 Fee, ISON fh terecy oa eta feet i late eect Googe a ee beat a heii pic eacdtte tahey ch Geecal age 8 ca ND EE Gy I Two new species of Symplocos Jacquin (Symplocaceae) from Queensland DW, POSSI: 22 beets o srepeieatand alee lanes eetrieeors ee wafee eR pk aL JAG. Moeptay BAe eget! ov mead SEO euaded ‘7 A taxonomic revision of Neisosperma Raf. (Apocynaceae) in Australia, together with a key to Australian genera of Apocynaceae Pa) LAPSE Sadek sicted Ub datickanere pa ot geen Gol dneas deck aad Mpeg oath ress 13 The genus Pavetta L. (Rubiaceae) in Australia Boa Le, AR EVEIONAS .F slnnddshn oth Aap OM resic ee pend ain ds lee chleas Fad. wehde emeeieioe teed thick cael add yok ah 21 Taxonomic studies on the genus Hoya R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) in Papuasia, 6 Pant I. Porsterd: David Ti jdGle~-:as9 ca nurecteedee ura d packed ed ere ee bee all diel ah 51 Studies in Australian grasses, 7. Four new species of Sporobolus R. Br. (Poaceae, Chloridoideae, Sporoboleae) from Australia SPAIN IT RI EEINODED sche nz vel i¥o-ta oy ca!50 aloe p Felgab tp etel a dah bathe 2 SUT R Gel 9 va ce 2d wd Page AG HIE Mh, al wee ws a 37 Conspectus of Cryptolepis R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Periplocoideae) in Malesia PP AULELS MOV SECIS abet eater det Taurean et ob ctotete seem sath mtnh. seen Toate ak aS gaubeasty Plated at shoes Petace yea 67 Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 1 EPSPs TALLINE oa, ast bel bg BS way 2a ah al Sevsdbed so Soe salent Sey alse gine bate g Ey, 8 ada 4 siSe, beg ta dirngitente aca eRe on 75 Sigesbeckia fugax and Tetramolopium vagans, new Asteraceae from Queens- land BAP SOIGS i aS gs clean ES caacha tl nbev cata peeves sistas beve dud A Ss beveheotenn ore Gia ictonsl aoc ep dey eee Se ae 87 A taxonomic revision of the genus Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) in mainland Australia Pa PRSter na eaemath pute y aut ditch ba etek lida aul eR vecie A Goer feed legal abe aoe ahs 93 Studies in Australian grasses 8. Anew species of Thelepogon (Andropogoneae: Ischaeminae) for Australia EAST MIO cep con tes ahaa at ape Ha gee vee win Nee RA byth of ce, Bowe sen Nine Gk acon, SE oonldy SEI gk, 105 Resurrection of Wrightia versicolor S.T. Blake (Apocynaceae) Pat FORSCH erties aSs saceiv ds. beanbek clench dinctarm tf baere Lub itte Saas neah gn gnaehe deh a tea dalchare ab eee Sk Hh 109 Resurrection of Dischidia littoralis Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae) Paul I. Forster é& David J, Biddle. uo ccs cub ecceee etutp oP als ce ee ea ea eh 113 Notes Nomenclatural changes in Spermacoce L. (Rubiaceae) Va SIAUICR ORNS st AS Ao Bae epytn danas sag ers ate ncaeind oe Ladle ad Abigas emery oh puncet eee eal kc 117 The correct names for two Australian varieties of Ficus L. (Moraceae) Rodney J.F. Henderson The distribution and habitats of three presumed rare species from Cape York Peninsula Bye CA CANE Ost se setines sere fie ete fs cacy eet Rep Ragh k ER Eee A ER ag, Sapna deol een BE al neg fe 12] Additional records for some species of Finlaysonia Wallich, Gymnanthera R. Br., Heterostemma Wight & Arn. and Sarcolobus R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) in Melanesia and Papuasia Paul I. Forster (continued) Austrobaileya 4(1): 1-137 (1993) Plant Profile Bambusa moreheadiana F.M. Bailey (Magnoliophyta: Poaceae) Ne CHILO BEL al 5a. tom dp poppe, Micky. Bh aheretis Soe esas dates “SoA haste eB tela el eae NT ie tele teat We, BS SoBe Stina OOK REVIGWE iu odo 55 G-arih. to toletg eye need hewn eee EP Wu alah ALR BRE antes eng deb ee eee Hee OS SiS T ie iG) ) a ee ee ee oe Ce ae ere oe ee ee en a eee Le eee en ee Aspects of rarity in the Australian flora James A. Elsol Summary Elsol, James A. (1993). Aspects of rarity in the Australian flora. Austrobaileya 4(1): 1-6. Four regional floras of eastern Australia each with over 1 500 species reveal superorder compositions similar to that for the whole of Australia. Of the 30 superorders known to occur in Australia, three to seven account for 75% of the concentration of dominance within the floras. Commeliniflorae consistently contributes at least 10% of species in aregion. Fabiflorae, Myrtiflorae, Lilitflorae, Malviflorae and Asteriflorae may each contribute up to 10% or more. Eighteen superorders consistently contribute less than 5% each. One superorder, Loasiflorae has not been recorded from Australia. Twenty-two percent of Australia’s flora has been recorded as rare. Percentage rarity recorded within superorders varies up to 37% but appears unrelated to superorder size. Future research into rare taxa depends on whether priority is given to groups accounting for high percentages of rare species within a flora, eg Myrtiflorae with 15% of Australia’s rare species, or those taxa with a high degree of rarity, e.g. 37% of palms (Areciflorae) are rate but constitute only about 1% of Australia’s rare species. Keywords: rarity — Australian flora, floristic composition, superorders — Angiosperms. James A. Elsol, 46 Avalon Road, Sheldon, Qld 4157, Australia Introduction Attention continues to focus on rarity in the world’s biota. Much of the biological attention has been directed towards recognising those taxa that are rare and determining whether they are threatened or endangered (Reveal 1981). Whathas seemingly not been addressed though, is whether rarity is evenly distributed across the major groups of taxa. The present investigation addresses this issue by examining the com- position of some floras of eastern Australia. Sources of data The intention of this investigation 1s to reveal trends rather than provide numerically accurate syntheses. For the latter more detailed data may be required. An overview of Australia’s flora was gained from Morley and Toelken (1983) and compared with the following four more re- stricted floras 1n eastern Australia: Moreton refers to the coastal part of south-eastern Queens- land described by McDonald and Elsol (1984); Port Curtis 1s the flora described by Batianoff Accepted for publication 1 June 1993 and Dillewaard (1988) from around Rock- hampton in central coastal Queensland; North- ern Territory comprises the flora of the Darwin and Gulf region botanical province as described by Dunlop (1987) and Victoria comprises the flora of Victoria as described by Forbes et al. (1984). Data on rare species were obtained from Briggs and Leigh (1988) for Australia, Victoria and Northern Territory, from HERBRECS (Queensland Herbarium records) for Moreton and from Batianoff and Dillewaard (1988) for Port Curtis. Naturalised exotic taxa were ignored. Superorders follow the system of Dahl- eren (1980). Distribution of rarity within flora A common concept of species rarity is that taxa may be rare if numerically few or of limited geographic extent. Rarity may also occur in taxonomic ranks higher than species in the same way as species rarity exists, and also in the sense that a particu- lar higher taxon may comprise few species and therefore constitute only arare component of a AAA AN ANSE Nae aed re ee Ee ae a re eee eae, 2 flora. For example, aroid and ginger floras, with about 25 species each, are rare in the Australian angiosperm flora which totals about 14 500 species. Composition of the Australian flora: 1n the four floristic censuses investigated,20—28 superorders are commonly present (Tables 1 & Austrobaileya 4(1): 1-6 (1993) 3). Superorder compositions of the regional floras do not differ significantly from that of Australia at 5% level (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Siegel & Castellan 1988). Superorders accounting for 90% of Australia’s flora and their major constituent families are listed in Table 2. Table 1. Superorder composition of the Australian angiosperm flora ranked from highest to lowest representation. Arrows indicate added variability observed in four eastern Australian floras (Northern Territory to Victoria). - Percentage of species within flora 10% or > 5-9% 14% O-1% Absent Commeliniflorae Fabiflorae —-_—-—————> Myrtiflorae ———-——_—_> < —-——_ Lilitflorae > < ————— Malviflorae > Proteiflorae > Lamiuiflorae > < ——--— Asteriflorae > Gentianiflorae > <——-— Rutiflorae <————— Caryophylliflorae Corniflorae Solaniflorae Araliuflorae Violiflorae Santaliflorae Magnoltiflorae ————> Rositlorae ————————_> Theiflorae ————————> Primultflorae Alismatiflorae Areciflorae Ranuncultflorae Polygoniflorae Nymphaeiflorae Ariflorae Zingiberiflorae Balanophoriflorae Podostemiflorae Triuridiflorae Loasiflorae Elsol, Rarity and floristic composition Table 2. Superorders accounting for 90% of Australia’s angiosperm flora and major Liliaceae, Orchidaceae Dilleniaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Verbenaceae Asteraceae, Campanulaceae Goodeniaceae, Rubiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae Rutaceae, Sapindaceae Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Caryophyllaceae constituent families 1. Commeliniflorae: Cyperaceae, Poaceae 2. Fabiflorae: Mimosacee, Fabaceae 3. Myrtiflorae: Myrtaceae 4. Liluflorae: 5. Malviflorae: 6. Proteiflorae: Proteaceae 7. Lamiiflorae: 8. Asteriflorae: 9. Gentianiflorae: 10. Rutiflorae: 11. Caryophylliflorae: 12. Corntflorae: Epacridaceae 13. Solaniflorae: Solanaceae 14. Araliuflorae: Apiaceae 15. Violiflorae: One superorder, Commeliniflorae, con- stantly contributes 10% or more species to the four regional floras studied. A further five superorders, Fabiflorae, Myrtiflorae, Liliflorae, Malviflorae and Asteriflorae may each contrib- ute to 10% or more in some of the regional floras. Eighteen superorders consistently con- tribute less than 5% each. One superorder Loasiflorae, has not been recorded from Australia. Relationship of rare species numbers to size of parent superorder: Rare species have been recorded as comprising as much as 22% of Australia’s flora (Briggs & Leigh 1988). By excluding Podostemiflorae with about one spe- cies, rarity of species within superorders varies between 2% (Polygoniflorae) and 37% (Areciflorae) and mostly lies within 10% and 30%. The percentage varies regionally and appears uncorrelated with the size of the superorder (r < 0.1). None-the-less interesting trends are ob- served for some of the superorders (Table 3). 1. Commeliniflorae, Caryophyliiflorae: The proportions of rare species within Australia Brassicaceae, Capparaceae and the four regional floras accounted for by these superorders are lower than the propor- tions these superorders have when all species are considered. 2. Myrtiflorae, Lilitflorae, Malviflorae, Protei- florae: The proportions of rare species within Australia and the four regional floras ac- counted for by these superorders are mostly higher than the proportions these superorders have when all-species are considered. 3. Fabiflorae: Though there is regional varia- tion, rarity of the superorder’s species within the Australian flora is in the same proportion that the superorder has when all species are considered. 4, Lamiflorae: Compared to the other floras examined, the proportions of rare species in Port Curtis and Northern Territory floras ac- counted for by the superorder are higher than the proportions this superorder has when all species are considered. 5. Gentianiflorae, Solaniflorae, Violiflorae: Compared to the other floras examined, the proportions of rare species in Port Curtis accounted for by these superorders are higher than the proportions these superorders have when all species are considered. 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Elsol, Rarity and floristic composition Concentration of higher taxa diversity: ‘The degree of concentration or dominance in acom- munity or flora may be indicated by Simpson’s (1949) Index, in this case estimated byz p, where p. is the proportion of a flora accounted for by a superorder. The index measures the probability that two individuals selected at ran- 5 dom from a sample will belong to the same taxon. Values of the index calculated from the proportions of the superorders within the floras investigated are shown in Table 4. Three to seven superorders collectively contribute 75% or more to the concentration of dominance 1n the floras examined, with Commel-iniflorae and Fabifiorae common to all five. Table 4. Dominance of angiosperm superorders and constituent rare components in Australia and some eastern Australian floras. C = Simpson’s Index Total flora Rare component G 1 Flora size C it Flora size C 000’s C x 0.1 Australia 0.076 13.3 14.5 0.081 12.4 320 Moreton 0.076 13.3 1.7 0.087 11.5 12 Victoria 0.089 11.2 Del 0.097 10.3 18 Port Curtis 0.097 10.3 1.9 0.078 12.8 5 Northern Territory 0.113 3.9 2.1 0.099 10.1 9.5 None of the regional floras examined shows dominance less than expressed for Aus- tralia as a whole. The highest concentration of dominance is expressed in the Northern Terri- tory and is associated with that flora’s high percentage (25%) of Commeliniflorae (Table 3). A similar trend is also well developed in the Port Curtis district. Simpson’s Index varies inversely with heterogeneity. The reciprocal of the index may therefore be interpreted as the number of equally represented taxa that would be required to pro- duce the observed heterogeneity (Peet 1974) and shows a range of 9-13 superorders of the total of 30 for Australia. The rare components of the floras of Australia, Moreton and Victoria are concentrated slightly more than are the superorders when all species are considered (Table 4). For Port Curtis and Northern Terri- tory the rare species are more evenly spread across the superorders. This difference may be attributable to the lower species numbers present in the latter two floras. Discussion and implications Observations of percentage rarity within taxa and the representations of those taxa within floras suggest differences in the way major evolutionary lines are dispersed. For example rarity in the Commeliniflorae and Caryo- phylliflorae is low relative to the total contribu- tions these two taxa have in Australia, whereas in Myrtiflorae and Proteiflorae rarity is rela- tively high. This observation is consistent with Commeliniflorae and Caryophylliflorae gener- ally having wider geographic ranges than spe- cies of Myrtiflorae, Malviflorae and Protei- florae, that is changes in species composition over distance or environmental gradient is gen- erally higher for the latter three taxa. Pollina- tion, whether by wind or animal vector, may be contributory. In the flora of Australia the number of species per superorderranges from one to nearly 2000. From present observations, percentage rarity within them appears unrelated to their STENT Pl IR CE ARH eared See 6 size but is widespread across the superorders. Accordingly, as priorities for vegetation con- servation often relate to the presence of rare species, itis important torealise that the greatest diversity in genetic material that would be con- served by rare species conservation occurs when those species are from a diverse range of higher taxa rather than a narrow range. This may be important when ranking the importance of areas with similar numbers of rate species. For further research into rarity choosing major groups of plants will depend upon how rarity is assessed. If for example priority is based on the compositions of rare species the major taxa to be investigated are Myrtiflorae 15% Ge 15% of rare Aus- tralian species are myrtles) Fabiflorae 12% Proteiflorae 9% Liliiflorae 8% Malvitlorae 8% Commeliniflorae 79% Rutiflorae 6% If priority is based on percentage rarity within superorders, major taxa to be investigated are Areciflorae 37% (ie 37% of palms are rare) Myrtiflorae 34% Proteiflorae 33% Magnoluflorae 33% Rutiflorae 32% Zingiberitflorae 32% Corniflorae 30% If priority is to be based on a combination of both above criteria major taxa requiring inves- tigation are Myrtiflorae, Proteiflorae and Rutiflorae. Austrobaileya 4(1) ; 1-6 (1993) Acknowledgements Advice from Professor H.T. Clifford and dis- cussions with Mr G.N. Batianoff are greatly appreciated. References BaTIANofr, G. N, & DILLEWAARD, H.A. (1988). Port Curtis district and Early Botanists. Queensland Her- barium and Society for Growing Australian Plants (Qd Region) Inc. Bricos, J.D. & Letcu, J.H. (1988). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. 1988 Revised Edition. Austral- ian Nat-ional Parks and Wildlife Service Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. DAHLGREN, R.M.T. (1980). A revised system of classifica- tion of the angiosperms. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 80: 91-124. Duntop, C.R. (ed.) (1987). Checklist of vascular plants of the Northern Territory. Technical Report —Number 26. Darwin, N.T.: Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory. ForBEs, S.J, CULLAN, P.K., KitGour, R.A. & Powe.i, M.A. (1984). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victo- ria. Melbourne: National Herbarium of Victoria, Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands. McDona_p, W.J.F. & Etso, J.A. (1984). Moreton Region vegetation map series: summary report and species checklist for Caloundra, Brisbane, Beenleigh and Murwillumbah Sheets. Brisbane: Queensland De- partment of Primary Industries. Mor ey, B.D. & ToELKEn, H.R. (eds) (1983). Flowering Plants in Australia, Adelaide: Rigby. PEET, R.K. (1974). The Measurement of species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5: 285-307. REVEAL, J.L. (1981). The concepts of rarity and population threats in plant communities. In L.E. Morse & M.S. Henitfin (eds), Rare Plant Conservation: geographi- cal data organisation, pp. 41-47. New York: New York Botanical Garden. SIEGAL, S. & CASTELLAN, N.J. (1988), Nonparametric Sta- tistics for the Behavioural Sciences. Second edi- tion. New York: McGraw-Hill. SIMPSON, E.H. (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. Two new species of Symplocos Jacquin (Symplocaceae) from Queensland L.W. Jessup Summary Jessup, L.W, (1993). Two new species of Symplocos Jacquin (Symplocaceae) from Queensland, Austro- baileya 4(1): 7-11. Two new species of Symplocos (Symplocaceae) from Queensland viz S. harroldit Jessup and S. graniticola Jessup are named and described with notes on their affinities and distribution. Keywords: Symplocaceae, Symplocos harroldii, Symplocos graniticola, Symplocos — Australia. L.W. Jessup, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction The Symplocaceae of the Old World except New Caledonia were revised by Nooteboom in 1975, and the Australian species of Symplocos were revised by him six years later (Nooteboom 1981). In the 1981 revision, Nooteboom re- ferred briefly in a note under Symplocos cochinchinensis subsp. thwaitestt vat. montana to collections from Belmont (Brisbane), Imbil and Eumundi deviating ‘in having long stiff hairs as well as the normal indumentum’. This population has been recognised by local botan- ists as representing a distinct species which is described below. The second species described below was included by Nooteboom in 1981 as “7. Symplocos sp. nov.?’. Nooteboom explained that he refrained from describing it as a new taxon because he had not seen the fruit. A key to the Australian taxa is provided in Nooteboom (1981). This paper is a precursor to a full treat- ment of Australian Symplocaceae to be pub- lished in Volume Ten of ‘Flora of Australia’. Taxonomy Symplocos harroldii Jessup sp. nov.; differt a S. baeuerlenioR.T, Baker innovationibus et ramulis sparsim pilosis cum pilis 1-2 mm iongis, laminis obovatis vel oblanceolatis, petalis majoribus (3-4 x 2—2.5 mm, non 1.5—-2.5 x 1.5 mm) et Accepted for publication 1 February 1993 staminibus plus numerosis (30-40, non 15-20). Typus: Queensland. Moreton District: Moggill State Forest, just down- stream of road crossing Pullen Creek, 16 November 1980, L. W. Jessup 268 (holo: BRI; iso: K, NSW). Symplocos sp. 1, Stanley (1986); Symplocos species (hairy hazelwood) in Williams et al. (1984); Symplocos sp. “Bahrs Scrub’ in Thomas & McDonald (1989); Symplocos (W.J. McDonald 3823) in Forster et al. (1991). Shrub or small tree to 6 m high. Shoots, twigs and cataphylls sparsely pilose with erect straight hairs 1-2 mm long; cataphylls caducous. Leaves with a petiole 3-4 mm long, glabrous or sparsely pilose with erect hairs; lamina narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 3—10 cm long, 0.8—3.5 cm wide, frequently acuminate but with a rounded tip, minutely dentate to serrate towards the apex, acute at the base, glabrous or with a few hairs on the underside, particularly along the midvein; secondary veins mostly 6-12 pairs. Inflorescence racemose, to 2 cm long, puberulous; peduncles 0.2—2 mm long; bracts and bracteoles ciliate, semi-persistent, bracts broadly triangular, 0.7—1 mm long, bracteoles triangular, 0.3-0.4 mm long. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, glabrous; lobes broadly ovate, 0.40.6 mm long, glabrous or ciliate. Petals obovate to oblong, 3-4 mm long, 2—2.5 mm wide. Stamens 30-40, 1.8—5mm long. Disc puberulous. Ovary Senereprpraep herent ta Ane RRR + Q Austrobaileya 4(1) : 7 -11 (1993) SIRS WA. SMITH NO} ew ne RP AA Fig.1. Symplocos harroldii: A, part of twig x1.5.B. an inflorescence x 4, C. vegetative shoot with leaf laminas removed x 2. D. fruit and leaf showing venation x1.5. A,B, Jessup 268; C, Jessup 82 & McDonald; D, Jessup 273. Jessup, New Queensland Symplocos 3-locular with up to 4 ovules per locule. Style 3.5—4 mm long, glabrous, dilated at the stigma. Fruit narrowly ovoid or ellipsoidal, 3-10 mm x 6—7 mm. Fig. LA-D. Specimens examined: Queensland. WIDE Bay DIsTRICT: Off Fig Tree Point road, Cooloola National Park, Apr 1986, Sandercoe C764 & Milne (BRD; Tewantin S. F., Oct 1984, Harrold (BRI); Noosa National Park, Oct 1985, Sharpe 3974 (BRI); ditto, Sharpe 3986 (BRI); Portion 3, sub. 2, Parish of Tewantin, Nov 1987, Sandercoe C1264 (BRI); Araucaria L.A., Compartment 12, Imbil S.F. (S.F.135 Brooloo), Oct 1982, McDonald 3696 & Williams (BRD; ditto, McDonald 3823 (BRI). Moreton Districr: Sandy L.A., S.F. 283, Colinton (Benarkin S.F.), approx. 130 km NW of Brisbane, Apr 1978, Jessup 82 & McDonald (BRD; Yarraman, Oct 1924, Cameron Y69 (BRD; Enoggera Creek, Brisbane, Sep 1874, Bailey [AQ 84411] (BRI); Ithaca Creek, Brisbane, c. 1874, Bailey [AQ 84413] (BRD; Belmont Scrub, near Brisbane, Sep 1884, Bailey [AQ 84412] (BRI); Mt Coot-tha, c. 1.5 km E of QTQ Channel 9 studios, Oct 1976, Clarkson 139 (BRD); Brookfield, Dec 1897, Simmonds [AQ 84410] (BRD; Moggill S. F., just downstream of road crossing Pullen Creek, Novy 1980, Jessup 268 (BRD; ditto, Jan 1981, Jessup 273 (BRI); Liversey Road, Moggill, Mar 1982, Bird (BRD; Moggill State Forest near end of Grandview Road, Oct 1987, Bird (BRI); 1 km W of O’ Brien Road, Pullenvale, Brisbane, Oct 1984, Bird (BRD; Bahr’s Scrub, c. 6 km SW of Beenleigh, Jul 1981, Guymer 1595 & Jessup (BRD. Distribution and habitat: This species occurs from Cooloola National Park to near Beenleigh and West to near Yarraman, in southeastern Queensland, in notophyll vine forest and adja- cent sclerophyli forest. Notes: S. harroldii appears to be related to S. baeuerlenii R.T. Baker but differs in having pilose shoots with erect hairs 1-2 mm long, rather than puberulous, thicker branchlets and leaves, narrowly obovate or oblanceolate lamina with a rounded tip, rather than narrowly elliptic or lanceolate with an acuminate tip, larger pet- als 3-4 x 2—2.5 mm rather than 1.5-2.5 x 1.5mm, and 30—40 stamens rather than 15-20. Conservation status: This species has been assigned a conservation coding of 3VC in Thomas and McDonald (1989). It occurs in Cooloola and Noosa National Parks. Etymology: The species 1s named in honour of Dr Arthur G. Harrold of Noosa for his contribu- tion to the conservation of coastal plant commu- nities in south-eastern Queensland, particularly at Cooloola. He has also collected this species. 9 Symplocos graniticola Jessup sp. nov.; differt a S. cyanocarpa C.T. White foltis marginibus recurvis habens, inflores- centiis spiciformibus ad 1.5 cm longis et filamentis staminum glabris non pilosus. Typus: Queensland. Cook Districr : Mt Lewis, 24 December 1986, G. Sankowsky 598 & N. Sankowsky (holo: BRI). Symplocos sp. nov.?, Nooteboom, Brunonia 4: 324 (1981); Symplocos sp. “Mt Lewis’, Thomas & McDonald (1989). Shrub to 2 m high. Shoots and cataphylls with very sparse appressed hairs, glabrescent; cataphylls caducous. Twigs glabrous. Leaves with a petiole 8-20 mm long, glabrous; lamina narrowly obovate or narrowly oblanceolate, obtuse or shortly acuminate at the apex, acute or attenuate at the base, 9-23 cm long, 2—7.5 cm wide, glabrous; margins entire, recurved in mature foliage, sometimes remotely serrulate or denticulate; secondary veins mostly 6—12 pairs with distinct marginal loops, more prominent on the lower surface. Inflorescence axes clus- tered, spike-like, to 1.5 cm long, puberulous; bracts and bracteoles ovate, slightly keeled, sometimes denticulate, pubescent, persistent, the bracts 1.2—-1.5 mm long, the bracteoles 1-1.3 mm long. Calyx tube 1—1.3 mm long, glabrous; limb 1—1.2 mm long; lobes ovate or depressed ovate, 0.8-1 mm long, sparsely puberulous and ciliate. Petals oblong to obovate, 2.5~-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide. Stamens 25-30, 2.5-4 mm long, filaments glabrous. Disc pilose. Style 2.5 mm long, pilose. Fruit GQmmature) cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 10-13 mm long, 44.5 mm wide. Fig. 2A—D. Specimens examined: Queensland. Cook Districr: S.F.R. 143, S Mary Logging Area, May 1976, Hyland 8773 (BRD; 32.6 km along Mt Lewis road from Mossman-Mt Molloy road, Dec 1989, Jessup GJD3359, Guymer & Dillewaard (BRD; Mt Lewis, Oct 1971 Webb & Tracey 11929 (BRD; Mt Spurgeon, Roots Creek, Sep 1936, White 10641 (BRD. Distribution and habitat: Occurs from Mt Spurgeon to Mt Lewis and Platypus Creek, north Queensland, in simple notophyli vine forest and simple microphyll vine-fern forest on sranite- or granodiorite-derived soils. Notes: S. graniticolaisrelatedtoS. cyanocarpa C.T.White but differs in the leaves having shee repre [es beter enn ce cent peng eee mine get a omnes en rarer ty MEAT A RET nnn A A Aaa N88 etm ii AA A a Mi Se SEL SH A 10 Austrobaileya 4(1) : 7-11 (1993) + = ae nei Laff sR BEGUN SUES Fig. 2. Symplocos graniticola: A. partoftwig x 0.5. B. aninflorescence x 4. C. vegetative shoot with leaf laminas removed x 2. D. fruit and leaf showing venation x 1.5. A-C, Jessup GJD3359, Guymer & Dillewaard; D, White 10641. Jessup, New Queensland Syniplocos recurved rather than flat margins, the spiciform inflorescence up to 1.5 cm long (fasciculate flowers in S$. cyanocarpa) and glabrous rather than pilose staminal filaments. Conservation status: This species has been assigned aconservation coding of 2R in Thomas & McDonald (1989). Although not stated on any specimen labels this species probably oc- curs in Daintree National Park. Etymology: The species name 1s derived from its predominant occurrence in habitats on soils of granitic origin. Acknowledgement Mr W. Smith produced the line drawings. Il References Forster, P.1., Bostock, P.D., Birp, L.H. & Bran, A.R. (1991), Distribution Atlas and Conservation Status of Vineforest Plants in south east Queensland, Australia, World Wide Fund for Nature Project P135 — Final Report. Nootesoom, H.P, (1975), Revision of the Symplocaceae of the Old World, New Caledonia excepted. Universitaire Pers Leiden (Leiden Botanical Series 1) 164+336 pp. (1981). A revision of the Australian species of Symplocos (Symplocaceae). Brunonia 4: 309-326. STANLEY, T.D. (1986). Symplocaceae, In T.D. Stanley & E.M. Ross, Flora of South-eastern Queensland. Volume 2, Brisbane: Queensland Department of Primary Industries. THomMas, M.B, & McDona.p, W.J.F. (1989). Rare and Threatened Plants of Queensland. 2nd edition. Brisbane: Queensland Department of Primary In- dustries. WILLIAMS, J.B., HARDEN, G.J., & MCDONALD, W.J.F. (1984). Trees & Shrubs in Rainforests of New South Wales & Southern Queensland, Armidale: Botany Depatt- ment, University of New England, New South Wales. LTT REE RS ORE soph tay eat ema oem rey mre MA GW AMAA EY i rte er rr nt Se A A taxonomic revision of Netsosperma Raf. (Apocynaceae) in Australia, together with a key to Australian genera of Apocynaceae Paul I. Forster Summary Forster, Paul I. (1993). A taxonomic revision of Neisosperma Raf. (Apocynaceae) in Australia, together with akey to Australian genera of Apocynaceae. Austrobaileya 4(1): 13-20. Two species of Neisosperma Raf. are recognised in Australia, namely N. kilneri (F. Muell.) Fosberg & Sachet and N. poweri (F.M. Bailey) Fosberg & Sachet. N. kilneriis lectotypified. Both species are described and illustrated. A key for their identification and notes on their distribution, habitats and conservation status are provided. N. kilneri is endangered whereas N. poweri is vulnerable. Both species are present in conservation reserves. A key to the 19 native and naturalised genera of Apocynaceae in Australia is given. Keywords: Neisosperma — Australia, Neisosperma kilneri, Neisosperma poweri, Apocynaceae — key to genera. Paul I. Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction The genus Neisosperma was described by Rafinesque (1838) to include a single species N. muricata Raf. from Polynesia. Since then the name Neisosperma has been little used and many of the species now referred to the genus were previously included in other genera such as Ochrosia Juss. or Calpicarpum G. Don. (Fosberg et al. 1977). Neisosperma was resurrected by Fosberg and Sachet (1974) who considered that it differed from Ochrosia primarily in the loosely fibrous or spinose endocarps of the fruits as opposed to the solid endocarps of the latter. An independ- ent study by Boiteau et al. (1974, 1975) came to the same conclusion; however, they applied the later generic name of Calpicarpum to this taxon. Subsequently, Fosberg and Sachet (1977) dis- cussed the status of Neisosperma and Calpicarpum and concluded that the latter was asynonym of the former. Fosberg et al. (1977) then made the necessary new combinations under Neisosperma, including the transfer of the Australian Ochrosia poweri F.M. Bailey and O. kilneri F. Muell. Markeraf (1979), in dealing with the Malesian species, summarised Accepted for publication 23 April 1993 previous work and concluded that the two genera could be distinguished by Neisosperma having “Carpels immerged into a special tis- sue, or in a cross with 2 minute disk scales, abruptly rounded below the style ... Endocarp splitted [sic] into coarse fibers penetrating the mesocarp, often ending in warts in touch with the exocarp. Alcaloids [sic] on corynane ba- sis.” and Ochrosia having “Carpels not immerged in a tissue, though glandular at the base, gradually tapering into the the style; no disk ... Mericarps with a solid thin or thick endocarp surrounding two lateral spongy cavi- ties. Alcaloids [sic] on ellipticine basis.” In spite of these differences and the widespread agreement between Boiteau, Fosberg and Markgraf on the necessity for two genera, Leeuwenberg (1987) dismissed their arguments and reunited the two genera when dealing with the African species. Despite the close attention to the generic status of these plants by Fosberg and his asso- ciates, there has still been no monographic revision of the genera Ochrosia or Neisosperma that provides descriptions and details on distri- bution and habitats for all species concerned. Recent taxonomic accounts for Africa (Leeuwenberg 1987), Malesia (Markeraf 1979) and New Caledonia (Boiteau 1981) have been anahangneenerenerre tht hinds na aeneaean eae cogene ena nner te tae cL TERR 14 published but the last for Australia was by Bailey in 1900. Bailey’s (1900) account is now outdated and includes detailed accounts of several ‘taxa’, namely O. newelliana F.M. Bailey and O. mcdowalliana F.M. Bailey, now considered conspecific with N. poweri (F.M. Bailey) Fosberg & Sachet and N. kilnert (F. Muell.) Fosberg & Sachet respectively (Fosberg ef al. 1977). Recent collecting has revealed a much greater range for N. poweri in Queensland than that given by, for example, Francis (1981), while N. kilneri remains a plant of restricted distribution. I take the opportunity here to describe the Australian species of Neisosperma in detail and provide a key for their identifica- tion because they are poorly known and have often been confused with each other and with species of Ochrosia, either in horticulture or in herbaria. A key to the Australian species of Ochrosiahas been published previously (Forster 1991); however, I also include a combined key to the three species of Ochrosia and the two Neisosperma species occurring in Australia, based on vegetative characters, to enable field identification of relevant material. Flowers of the Australian species of Neisosperma may be distinguished from those of Ochrosia by the presence of a small floral disk of 2 scales alternating with the carpels in the former as opposed to a complete absence of a disk in the latter. It is anticipated that this 1s my final revi- sionary paper on the Australian Apocy-naceae, which leaves Parsonsia to be reviewed by J.B. Williams. Therefore, a tentative key to the eenera of the family considered to occur in Australia (Forster 1991, 1992a,b,c,d,e,f,g, 1993; Forster & Hyland 1991) is presented here, In providing this I invite users to test its validity prior to publication of the account of Austrobaileya 4(1): 13— 20 (1993) Apocynaceae in Volume 28 of “Flora of Aus- tralia’. Materials and methods This revision of Australian Neisospermais based on herbarium materialsin AD, BO, BRI, CANB, CBG, MEL, QRS and SING. Both species were examined in the field. Terminology follows my previous revi- sionary papers on Australian Apocynaceae (Forster 1992a,b,c,d,e,f,g, 1993). Taxonomic treatment Neisosperma Raf., Sylva Tell. 162 (1838).Type: N. muricata Raf. (= Neisosperma oppositifolia(Lam.) Fosberg & Sachet). Perennial shrubs or trees, evergreen; latex clear or white. Stems without spines. Leaves peti- olate, opposite or 3-6 in whorls; lamina simple, coriaceous, with margins entire; colleters ab- sent. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, pedun- culate, bracteate. Flowers pedicellate, scented. Calyx lacking colleters. Corolla cream to or- ange, hypocrateriform; tube cylindrical, con- tracted at top above stamens, glabrous, without scales; lobes dextrorse in bud; corolline corona absent. Stamens included, inserted near middle or near top of tube; anthers lanceolate. Disk reduced to 2 scales alternate withcarpels. Style- head ellipsoid, with a basal ring of hairs, bifid. Fruit apocarpous, mericarps 2, drupaceous; exocarp chartaceous; mesocarp fleshy; endocarp fibrous, projecting into mesocarp numerous hornlike distally directed processes. Seeds 1-4, oblong, flat, ecomose. A genus of eighteen species, mainly in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, with two species in Australta. Key to Australian species of Netsosperma 1. Secondary venation in leaf lamina prominent; inflorescence a much branched panicle 5-17 cm long ........ « «@ 4 a # * #& © #£ EF EF EF EF FF F&F FF &F F FF FF *# FF HF BF FF BS F£ 1. N. kilmeri Secondary venation in leaf lamina + visible; inflorescence an umbelliform cyme 2-4 cm long ........ sila ca ates w Fava tres a oie Skis eeeehs Som as 2. N. powerl Forster, Australian Neisosperma 15 Key to Australian species of Ochrosia and Neisosperma based on vegetative features and habitat 1. Leaves always opposite, never in whorls of 4 (QIid/NSW border PUIPESS APPAR OLCSI Yo 250d Sua -x, ote SaReea te Bow Soap gs pee geg ds vou inating @ iciras ad, en es . O. moorei Leaves rarely opposite, usually in whorls of 2t04...... 0.00. eee eee ees 2 2. Leaf lamina with 20-25 secondary veins per side of midrib ............. 0.0 c cue 3 Leaf lamina with 25-30 secondary veins per side of midrib ......... 0.0.00. cee eeees 4 3. Leaves in whorls of 2 or 3 (Cape York Peninsula in vinethickets) gate pace ere abe Bi QO. minima Leaves in whorls of 4 (central and northern Qld in mangroves)..... Oe ee O. elliptica 4. Secondary veins prominent in lower leaf lamina surface ................005. N. kilneri Secondary veins just visible in lower leaf lamina surface................0005 N. poweri 1. Neisosperma kilneri (F. Muell.) Fosberg & Sachet, Adansonia Ser. 2, 17: 29 (1977); Ochrosia kilneri PB. Muell., Pragm. 7: 129-130 (1871); Lactaria kilneri (¥. Muell.) Kuntze, Rev. Gen. P].415 (1891). Type: Queensland, NorTH KENNEDY DIs- trict: Mt Dryander, April 1871, E. Fitzalan (lecto (here designated): MEL! [MEL1587728)}). Ochrosia mcdowalliana F.M. Bailey, Bot. Bull. 7: 65 (1893). Type: Queensland. Moreton District: cultivated tree, Wickham Terrace Reserve, Brisbane, R. McDowall (holo: BRI!; iso: BRI'). Illustrations: F.M. Bailey, Queensl. fi. 3: t. XLI & XLIU: 6 (1900); K.A.W. Williams, Native Pl. Queensl. 2: 209 (1984), Tree to 20 m high; latex white. Leaves peti- olate, in whorls of 3 or 4; lamina elliptic to obovate, up 14 cm long and 6.5 cm wide, discolorous, glabrous, with secondary veins 25—30 very prominent below, tertiary venation reticulate; upper surface dark green; lower sur- face golden-brown; tip rounded to retuse; base cuneate; petiole 3-6 mm long. Inflorescences much-branched pantculate, to 17 cm long, paired or in threes atnodes ofupper leaf bearing stems; peduncles 10-35 mm long. Flowers c. 7 mm long and 7 mm diameter, strongly scented; pedicels 1—-1.3 mm long. Sepals triangular- ovate, [-1.5 mm long, 0.9~—1 mm wide. Corolla cream; tube 4—5.4 mm long, 1—1.5 mm diam- eter; lobes obovate, 4-5 mm long, 1.4—1.8 mm wide. Stamens inserted 1.5—1.6 mm from top of tube; anthers 1~1.1 mm long, c. 0.4 mm wide. Fruit ellipsoidal, 45-55 mm long, 25-35 mm wide; exocarp red, endocarp fibrous. Fig. 1. Selected specimens: Queensland, NortH KENNEDY Dis- TRIicT: Dryander Creek, Mt Dryander SE base, 20°14’S, 148°34’E, Jan 1992, Forster 9413 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); SE foothills of Mt Dryander, 20°15’S, 148°33’E, May 1969, Smith 14528 (BRI, CANB); 2-4kmS of Mt Dryander, N of Proserpine, 20°1S’S, 148°33’E, Apr 1985, Rodd & Hardie 4445 (BRI); Gregory Creek, 2km NE of Gregory & c. 15 km N of Proserpine, 20°16’S, 148°35’E, Nov 1985, Sharpe 4151 & Perry (BRI). Sourn KENNepy District: Mt Blackwood, creek E of Kuttabul, 21°02’S, 148°56’E, Jul 1991, Champion 533 (BRI); Range W of Koumala, May 1927, Francis [AQ212765] (BRI), Cultivated. Wickham Park, Brisbane City, Feb 1989, Gordon [AQ454851] (BRD; Ipswich, Jan 1980, Bird [AQ331656] (BRD. Distribution and habitat: N. kilneri is known from North and South Kennedy districts of Queensland (Map 2) at the type locality Mt Dryander north of Proserpine and at Mt Blackwood. I have been unable to confirm the Francis locality near Koumala; however, the area is poorly known and further survey work in the region centred on Mackay and Proserpine may well reveal additional populations. Plants grow onstony alluvium alongcreeks in notophyll vineforest at Mt Dryander in association with N. power. 16 Austrobaileya 4(1): 13— 20 (1993) =~ Se ee =, ee ee i CE WASMITH A Fig. 1. A,C—-G Neisosperma poweri. B, H. N. kilneri. A,B. habit of flowering stem x 0.4, C. face view of flower x 4. D. side view of flower = 4. E. half corolla showing position of stamens and staminal traces in tube x 4. F. side view of fruit x 2. G. transverse section of fruit showing different layers x 2. H. seedling and fibrous endocarp of fruit x 0.4. A, Williams [AQ394694]; B, Bird [AQ331655]; C—G, Forster 8151; H, Forster 5182A. Del. W. Smith. Forster, Australian Nefsosperma Notes: N. kilnertis a distinctive species with its large fruit with the characteristic woody and intricately patterned fibrous endocarp. Itis also the only Australian species of the two genera here discussed, with the inflorescence well de- veloped and extending well beyond the foliage. Despite the earlier attention to nomencla- ture of the genus by Fosberg and Sachet (1977) and Fosberg et al. (1977), no lectotype has previously been selected for N. kilneri. There are at least five undated specimens of fruits of this species at MEL as well as a pressed speci- men with flowers that is dated April 1871, all collected by Fitzalan at Mt Dryander. The flowering specimen is selected as lectotype of the name OchrosiakilneriF. Muell. as itis dated and predates the publication of that name by Mueller (1871) and is a more complete collec- tion than the others. Phenology: Flowers April to May; fruits May to July. Conservation status: Since this species is known definitely from only two localities, this plant should be considered as endangered with a coding of 3EC (cf. Briggs & Leigh 1988). Even though part of the Mt Dryander population 1s now included within a National Park, there are large numbers of plants in Dryander Creek on the south-east side of the mountain that are not. Plants are infrequently cultivated. 2. Neisosperma poweri (F.M. Bailey) Fosberg & Sachet, Adansonia Ser. 2, 17:31 (1977); Ochrosia poweri F.M. Bailey, Bot. Bull. 13: 11 (1896). Type: Queensland. Moreton District: Eumundi, November 1895, F.M. Bailey (holo: BRI). Ochrosia newelliana F.M. Bailey, Queens- land Agric. J. 5: 389 (1899). Type: Queensland. Coox District: Atherton, JF. Bailey (holo: BRI)). Ulustration: F.M. Bailey, Queensl. fl. 3: t. XLI & XLII: 2,3 (1900); Floyd, Rainfor- est Trees Mainland S-E. Austral. 71 (1989). {7 Tree to 10m high; latex white. Leaves petiolate, in whorls of 2 or 3; lamina elliptic, obovate or lanceolate-elliptic, up to 15 cm long and 4.5 cm wide, discolorous, glabrous, with secondary veins 25-30 per side of midrib but + obscure, tertiary venation obscure; upper surface glossy green; lower surface golden-brown; tip acute to shortly acuminate; base cuneate; petiole 3-6 mm long. Infloresence a solitary umbelliform cyme in the upper leaf bearing axils; peduncle 1—25 mm long. Flowers 9-10 mm long, c. 4mm diameter; pedicels 1—1.5 mm long. Sepals lanceolate-ovate, 1.3—1.8 mm long, 0.7-0.9 mm wide. Corolla cream to pale yellow; tube 7—10 mm long, 0.7—1 mm diameter; lobes lanceolate- ovate, 2.5—7 mm long, |.7—2.6 mm wide. Sta- mens inserted just below top of tube; anthers 1—1.1 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide. Fruit ellipsoid- obloid, 35-40 mm long, 14-15 mm diameter, exocarp red, endocarp fibrous. Fig. 1. Selected specimens: Queensland, Coox Districr: Davies Creek, $.F. 607, 9km past National Park carpark, 17°02’S, 142°38’E, Jun 1991, Forster 8532 (BRI, MEL, QRS); Smithfield, R99, Mar 1961, Hyland 1811 (BRD; S.F. 185 Danbulla, Kauri Creek road, 4 km from Tinaroo Dam end, 17°06’S, 145°35’E, Jan 1992, Forster 9546 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); Tolga, Apr 1962, McKee 9293 (BRI); The Crater, Mt Hypipamee N.P., 17°25’S, 145°30’E, Aug 1948, Smith 3891 (BRD; East Malanda, Sep 1929, Kajewski 1217 (BRI); Goolagan Creek, Palmerston, 17°50’S, 146°05’E, Nov 1963, Hyland 3073 (BRI). NortH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Herberton Range, Nov 1929, Kajewski 1374 (BRD; Por- tion 69, Parish Herberton, 17°28’S, 145°28’E, Jan 1977, Gray 216(BRI, QRS); Keough’s Block, Evelyn, Mar 1972, Stocker 860 (BRI, QRS); SE base of Mt Dryander, middle branch of Dryander Creek, 20°16’S, 148°35’E, Jun 1989, Forster 5180 & Tucker (BRI, NSW); Impulse Creek, S.F. Conway, 20°21°S, 148°44’E, May 1991, Forster 8286 & McDonald (BRI, MEL, QRS); Mt Macartney, S.F. 652 Cawley, 20°49’S, 148°33’E, Apr 1991, Forster 8151 & McDonald (BISH, BRI, CBG, K, L, MEL, MO, QRS). Wink Bay Districr: Mt Cooroy, c, 4 km E of Cooroy, 26°26’S, 152°57’E, Nov 1988, Sharpe 4829 et al. (BRI). Moreton District: Tuckers Creek N.P., 2kmN of Nambour, 26°36’S, 152°38’E, Jan 1990, Sharpe 4935 & Thomas (BRI); Brolga Park, Dulong road, Dulong, 26°39’S, 152°54’E, Dec 1989, Sharpe 4929 & Bean (BRI); Upper Tallebudgera, Dec 1917, White [AQ212761] (BRI); Cougals track, Jun 1984, Jones [AQ440569] (BRI. New South Wales. Bangalow, Dec 1896, Baker [AQ212763] (BRI). Distribution and habitat: N. powerit has been recorded from north-eastern New South Wales mainly late last century (Floyd 1989), and its distribution is highly disjunctin eastern Queens- land with populations in south-eastern, central 18 and north-eastern regions (Map 1). A northern limit appears to be in the Lamb Range, north of Mareeba (cf. Forster 8532). Plants grow in notophyll vineforests on volcanic soils, often, but not exclusively so, on alluvia. Notes: N. poweri has been confused in herbaria and cultivation with N. kilneri and Ochrosia minima (Markeraf) Kosberg & Boiteau (Forster 1991). Austrobaileya 4(1): 13— 20 (1993) This species has alkaloids in the foliage and bark (Doy & Moore 1962, Douglas et al. 1964) and the fruit are poisonous to mammals. Phenology: Flowers and fruits throughout the year. Conservation status: This species is widespread but populations are highly disjunct. An appro- priate conservation coding is 3 VC (cf. Briggs & Leigh 1988). It is present in several National Parks in both southern (Forster et al. 1991) and north-eastern Queensland. Key to the native and naturalised genera of Apocynaceae m Australia [SSS TOMAS: SVIEIESDITIES oo oe Ses: bn oh iby ewe pee eo edd Velde SO win ee ewe alae Carissa SLES WM OUT SINGS mice ere reuse Ges arte 6s iy) BER lee a A ape eco qe AP yaa WS, Moon a al aad ole pes Z Zr, eH URCTUT SS LOY PME EE 59nd outs Fasre Mean a dteite seth Eo boast chested Sale ite yk YT nase ais APT a al "G tune ee ese Seen a 3 Stems erect or sprawling, nOttWIMING 1.1... eee ce eee ee tee eens 6 3. Stamens exserted from corolla tube; anthers adherent to style-head ........... Parsonsia Stamens included in corolla tube; anthers free of style-head .......... 0.0.0... 0 0000 ee 4 4, Fruit a dehiscent dry follicle; seeds comose.... 2... ee ee ees Ichnocarpus Fruit an indehiscent fleshy drupe; seeds ecomose ...... 0... cee cee ee eee 5 5. Corolline corona present; fruit not stipitate and not comprised of SEVET AISTIG LOSI FF SSP Tc lel 4 Shute bunscucactnn toe Rrgbntesd | dubece tet ol easiian can okie Melodinus Corolline corona absent; fruit stipitate and comprised of 1—3 articles ............. Alyxia 6; PAE CENISCERE «Ve oraisaicthtencerbtadw ps. sonieuke been shtsht ahaa males ahs aux slo a Wal aueeceh ee Whe 7 PACS CIS CTs oan gece teal d ececaed se beay tos PAPE vigutah wa ation tar atl tala seca nae oau= ey git it 7. Corolla with corolline corona of lobing at tube mouth........0.0 000.000 ccc eee ee ee 8 Corolla without corolline corona of lobing at tube mouth .........0........ 00.5 eee 9 O: G-Orslla Opes Tex Orse. iii DUG «6. 22h ae) ease a ates) aang oe abated eee te Bh Nerium Corolla lobes sintstrorse in bud «0.2... ce eee ec eee eee nes Wrightia 9, Anthers adherent to style-head; fruit with long soft spines ................. Allamanda Anthers free of style-head; fruit without long soft spines. ............0..0 00 ce veces 10 LO. Fruit WoGd ys THSIFORDA ey cy seo nig, db to ce Snipes ge EN § aed Be OR Alstonia Fruit fleshy, obliquely ovoid ......... 0.0000. c cee eee eee ees Tabernaemontana ULES Sean i hse ehcavepatt ct ah soa awd enc ele dasae Sole Huse bebe Shr Sree ESE te Rvaah Se pd cnsd ald igen A EMMMUAY oe OEE, 12 SSLINIBOS VOTERS are ve aotesce eee ay WZ, Phe tatoo Soest abe Niele grew ae tase BRE doe I AA EASA D WEN Ee Secon 5 13 Forster, Australian Netsosperma 19 12.Stems stolonitferous; corolla lilac-blue ... 0.0... eee ee nes Vinca Stems not stoloniferous; corolla white or pink... .... 0... 00... Catharanthus L3,.eat lamina base with:colleters se ca sce yee len SON ea he ee ee A Rauvolfia Leaf lamina base without colleters ... 0.0... cc eee eee eee nee 14 PM: Corolla infimdi Dolor: .. «5.3 <4 cee Scaceye us aoececd won he Fate bopoee uae e et we aa Cascabela Corolla hypocrateriform or salverform.... 0... cece eee eens 15 PS. Styleswitlt disk ab-Daseé: ce. wees ea ce te wee yA eae ee EE 5B tates Hwee 16 SEs WVAIIOUE GISRSAU ASE Fe. Sense aby atiar eee deg teeter de ama pad aAd Hoe kek bas ieded net aes ens 18 16. Corolla lobes sinistrorse in bud .........0.....00. By otto megeeeee au leh enrae Voacanga Corolla lobes dextrorse in bud 2... eee cen ee evens e eens 17 17. Corolla tube contracted at top above stamens; fruit endocarp fibrous ....... Neisosperma Corolla tube expanded at top above stamens; fruit endocarp fleshy.............. Kopsia 18. Corolla lobes dextrorse in bud 2.0... cc cee ene eens Ochrosia (Corolla Obes SiiisiPOrse I DUG: cn feud eyes eed ace ogc hegonngt Bot ok o etna aaeirecaan ibaa 19 19. Anthers with introrse dehiscence; fruit moniliform, often with 1—several ATIFC HESS coe: san Mi x Peess, DEG Oa hb ee ago aye eee Sehr Vee EEN el aheetas Noe oa SR Mie ahd cae esha Alyxia Anthers with lateral to sublateral dehiscence; fruit winged..................0. Cerbera Acknowledgements Figure 1 was prepared by W. Smith (BRI). Plant specimens or distributional data were collected with the assistance of P.D. Bostock, I, Cham- pion, G. Kenning, D.J. & LM. Liddle, W.J. McDonald, P. Thompson and M.C. Tucker. The author was funded by the Australian Bio- logical Resources Study for preferred objective research on the Apocynaceae in 1991-92, References BAILEY, F.M, (1900), Apocynaceae. In Queensland Flora. 3: 974-395. Brisbane: Governemnt Printer. Borreau, P. (1981). Apocynacées. In Flore de la Nouvelle- Calédonie et Dependances. 10. Paris: Muséum ~ National D’ Histoire Naturelle. BolTEAu, P., ALLORGE, L., SEVENET, T. & Potizr, P. (1974). Observations morphologiques et chimiotaxo- nomigues sur les Ochrosiniinées de Nouvelle- Calédonie, Adansonia, Sér, 2, 14: 485-497. BorrEAuo, P., ALLORGE, L. & SEVENET, T, (1975). Notes sur jes Ochrosinées de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Adansonia, Sér, 2, 15:147-153. DouGLas, B., KIRKPATRICK, J.L., Moore, B.P. & WeIsBacn, J.A. (1964). Alkaloids of Ochrosia poweri Bailey, II, The 2-acylindole stem-bark bases. Australian Journal of Chemistry 17: 246-255. Doy, F.A. & Moors, B.P. (1962). Alkaloids of Ochrosia power Bailey, 1. The leaf-bases. Australian Jour- nal of Chemistry 15: 548-554, Fioyvp, A.G. (1989). Rainforest Trees of Mainland South- eastern Australia, Melbourne & Sydney: Inkata ~ Press. Forster, P.I. (1991). Ochrosia minima (Markgraf) Fosberg & Boiteau (Apocynaceae), a new record for Aus- tralia. Austrobaileya 3: 557-559. (1992a), A taxonomic revision of Melodinus (Apocynaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 3: 387-400. (1992b). A taxonomic revision of Cerbera L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia, Austro- baileya 3: 569-579. (1992c), Circumscription of Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Lam. (Apocynaceae) in Australia, Auys- tralian Systematic Botany 5: 521-531. 20 1 ZI Austrobaileya 4(1): 13-20 (1993) Maps 1-2. Distribution of Neisosperma spp. mapped in 1° grid squares. 1. N. poweri. 2. N. kilneri . (1992d). A taxonomic revision of Ichnocarpus (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia. Austral- ian Systematic Botany 5: 533-545. (1992e). A taxonomic revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 5: 547-580. (1992f). A taxonomic revision of Carissa (Apocynaceae) in Australia, Australian Systematic Botany 5: 581-591. (1992¢), A taxonomic revision of Alstonia (Apocynaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 5: 745-760. (1993). Resurrection of Wrightia versicolor S.T. Blake (Apocynaceae). Austrobaileya 4: 109-112. Forster, P.I. & Hytanp, B.P.M. (1991). Voacanga erandifolia (Miq.) Rolfe (Apocynaceae), a new generic record from Torres Strait, Queensland, Aus- tralia. Austrobaileya 3: 561. Forster, P.I., Bostock, P.D., Birp, L.H. & BEAN, A.R. (1991). Vineforest Plant Atlas for South-East Queensland. Brisbane: Queensland Herbarium. Fosperc, F.R. & SAcuet, M.-H. (1974). Plants of South- eastern Polynesia. 3. Micronesica 10: 251-256. FossBerG F.R, & Sacuet, M.-H. (1977). Nomenclature of the Ochrosiinae (Apocynaceae): 1. Application of the names Neisosperma Raf, and Calpicarpum G. Don. Adansonia Ser. 2, 17: 19-22. FosperG F.R., Borreau, P. & SACHET, M.-H. (1977). No- menclature of the Ochrosiinae (Apocynaceae): 2. Synonymy of Ochrosia Juss. and Neisosperma Raf. Adansonia Ser. 2, 17: 23-33. Frances, W.D. (1981). Australian Rain-forest Trees. 4th Edition. Canberra: Australian Government Pub- lishing Service. LEEUWENBERG, A.J.M. (1987). The African species of Ochrosia Juss. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 87-5: 45-53. MarkarafF, F. (1979), Florae Malesianae Praecursores LIX Apocynaceae V, Ochrosia, Neisosperma, Blumea 25: 233-247, | MUELLER, F. (1871). Ochrosia kilneri. Fragmenta Phytographie Australie 7: 129. Melbourne: Goy- ernment Printer. RAFINESQUE, C.S. (1838). Sylva Telluriana, Philadelphia: C.S. Rafinesque. The genus Pavetta L. (Rubiaceae) in Australia S.T. Reynolds Summary Reynolds, S.T. (1993). The genus Pavetta L. (Rubiaceae) in Australia. Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49. The genus Pavetta L. in Australia is revised; fen species and four varieties are recognised, P. conferta, P. kimberleyana, P. rupicola, P. speciosa, P. tenella, P. vaga, P. australiensis var. pubigera, and P. brownii var. glabrata are new. All taxa recognised are described, and notes on their diagnostic features, affinities and geographical distribution given. Keys to these taxa and distributional maps of them are provided. P, modesta Bremek, is synonymised under P. granitica Bremek.; P. insulana Bremek. under P. brownii Bremek.; P. brownil var. pubescens Bremek, and P. brownii var. glabra Bremek. under P. brownti var. brownii. Specimens previously identified as P. brownit var. glabra are included under P. brownii var, glabrata. A lectotype is chosen for P. brownii Bremek. Keywords: Pavetta — Australia, Pavetta conferta, Pavetta kimberleyana, Pavetta rupicola, Pavetta speciosa, Pavetta tenella, Pavetta vaga, Pavetta australiensis vat. pubigera, Pavetta brownii var. glabrata. S.T. Reynolds, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction The genus Pavetta L. in Australia is extremely complex, and the identification of most of its species has been very difficult and problematic, mainly because most of the species resemble each other closely especially in their inflores- cence and fruit characters. Moreover many spe- cies were poorly known and poorly represented or represented by incomplete material (leaves immature on flowering specimens). In most cases it was found that only a few specimens appear to belong together, and with a limited amount of material it was difficult to ascertain the variations and exceptions within the species. One species, viz P. insulana Bremek. was not represented at all in Australian herbaria (type at L). Bentham (1867), who followed Lamarck (1789) by referring Pavetta L. to asection under the genus /xora L., recognised two species from Australia which he considered to be the same as two Indian species, viz xora pavetta Roxb. and Ixora tomentosa Roxb. Bremekamp (1934), however, considered the Australian plants to be quite distinct from the above Indian species (which according to Accepted for publication 28 May 1993 him arerestricted to South East Asia). Herecog- nised and described six species from Australia (1934, 1939), viz P. australiensis, P. brownii, P. granitica, P. insulana, P. modesta and P. muelleri, which he considered all new and en- demic to Australia. Because his treatment is mostly regional, the relationship of these spe- cies with the Indian and other species from outside Australia (especially New Guinea) is notknown. Withtheexception of P. australiensis and P. brownii, all his other species were known only from their types. As more material became available, the differentiating characters he used in his key to separate the species were found to beunreliable, because the characters were found to vary not only in different samples of the same species but also within the same individual. Therefore it was extremely difficult to delimit some of the species and misidentification was frequent in Australian herbaria. Most species were in a confused state; similar specimens were found filed under different names; differ- ent looking specimens were filed under the same name, while some were still filed under P. indica and P. tomentosa. Increased collectings also exhibited an increased range of variability of some of the species viz P. australiensis and P. brownii, making them very difficult to circum- scribe. 22 Although increased collectings in recent years have added to the number of representa- tive specimens of many of the species, and enabled description of the new species, some species are still poorly known. Also there are a few unknown collections which cannot be placed with certainty in any of the recognised taxa. All these require further collectings. Ten species are recognised here: six of these are new; four of the species recognised by Bremekamp are retained, viz P. australiensis, P. brownii, P. granitica and P. muelleri; two of his species are placed in synonymy, viz P. insulana Bremek. under P. brownii Bremek., and P. modesta Bremek. under P. granitica Bremek. Although the species recognised here are quite variable, or forms resemble each other closely , they are nevertheless, quite distinctive. However the relationship and status of some of the species may probably change as more mate- rial becomes available. Some of the Australian species, viz P. australiensis Bremek. and P. tenella S.T. Reynolds closely resemble P. platyclada Lauterb. et K. Schum. from New Guinea, P. opulina (J.R. Forst.) DC. from New Caledonia and P. moluccana Bremek. from Timor, and the species are no doubt closely related. But speci- mens available for study of these offshore spe- cies are too few for a comparative study, and an assessment of their relationship must awaitrevi- sionary studies of Pavetta L. for this whole area. Conservation status: Although most species are poorly represented in herbaria (mainly be- cause some species occur only in remote areas), none of the Australian species of Pavetta appear to be rare or threatened. Note: This study is based mostly on herbarium material. The measurements of leaves and inflo- rescence axes are based on dried material, while those of flowers are from fresh material or material reconstituted by boiling in water. This revision of Pavetta L. is part of the ‘Revision of the tribe Pavetteae Dumort in Australia’, funded by the Australian Biological Resources Study. A revision of the remainder of the tribe will be published later. Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Taxonomy Pavetta L. Sp. Pl. 1: 110 (May 1753). Type: Pavetta indica L. Bremekamp, Feddes Repert. 37: 1-208 (1934), op. cit. 47: 12, 26, 27 (1939); Bridson, Kew Bulletin 32(3): 609-652 (1978). lxora sect. Pavetta (L.) Benth., F1. austral. 3: 414-415 (1867, ‘1866’) Derivation of name: from ‘Pawatta’, a Sinhalese name for P. indica L. Deciduous shrubs or small trees. Leaves imma- ture or absent at time of flowering, usually clustered at apex of branchlets, opposite, mem- branous to slightly coriaceous, usually drying blackish, mostly obscurely dotted, sometimes with bacterial galls in the lamina; petiolate; stipules united into an interpetiolar oblique sheath, truncate or with subulate long-aristate lobes, or with ovate or triangular, cuspidate or aristate lobes, prominently keeled, mostly with silky colleters on the inside (at base). Inflores- cences terminal on main or lateral leafy or leafless branchlets (flowering branchlets), loosely trichotomous, usually sessile above the last pair of leaves; branches corymbiform, usu- ally many-flowered; central branch with one to few, usually short internodes, mostly with a few pairs of small deciduous leaves distal to first internode (usually absent on fruiting specimens); lateral branches mostly with one internode; bracts sheathing young inflorescences large, stipular; those subtending the trichotomous branches of the inflorescences (usually lower corymbiform branches) connate, conspicuous, usually + membranous, while those at base of cymules small and usually subulate; bracteoles inconspicuous or absent; peduncle-like flower- ing branchlets (subtending the inflorescence) usually long, and covered with thin smooth corky flaky bark. Flowers bisexual, 4-merous; pedicellate. Calyx usually with a shorttube, and shorter, flared, mostly membranous, denticulate limb (Australian species); calyx tube turbinate or campanulate, glabrous or hairy outside, gla- brous inside; limb witha shorttube and with tiny lobes at flared apex; calyx lobes ovate, triangu- lar to subulate, keeled or not. Corolla white, Reynolds, Australian Pavetta fragrant, tube cylindrical, slender, usually slightly dilated at the throat, glabrous or pilose outside; usually pilose inside at throat; corolla lobes shorter than the tube, contorted in bud, lanceolate or elliptic, apiculate, reflexed. Sta- mens inserted at mouth of the corolla tube, subsessile, filaments shorter than anthers; an- thers dorsifixed near its base, linear, acuminate with a prolonged connective at apex, sagittate at base, exserted, usually reflexed, twisted at anthesis. Disc annular, fleshy. Ovary 2-locular, ovules solitary in each locule, slightly immersed in fleshy + cupular placenta; style slender, thick- ened in the upper part, long-exserted, exserted portion much longer than corolla lobes; stigma club-shaped, bifid, ribbed, papillate or shortly hairy. Fruit a drupe, globose, crowned by persistent calyx lobes, mostly drying black and shiny; pyrenes | or 2, thin-walled. Seeds 2 or 1 (by abortion), attached to the centre of septum, subglobose or hemispherical, convex on dorsal face, and usually rugose, + concave and with a wide circular excavation in the centre on the 23 ventral face; testa thin; endosperm entire; em- bryo dorsal, small, curved. About 400 species (Mabberley 1989) in Old World tropics, from Africa to South East Asia, New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. Ten species in Australia, six new. The genus Pavetta L. is characterised by its corymbiform inflorescences terminal on long peduncle-like leafy or leafless branchlets, connate bracts at the junction of the tricho- tomously branched inflorescences, and by its white, 4-merous flowers, with long exserted style and fusiform bifid stigma. It is easily distinguished from other mem- bers of the tribe Pavetteae Dumort in Australia, Ixora L. and Tarenna Gaertner, chiefly by the conspicuous connate bracts at the base of the trichotomous branches ofthe inflorescence. The bracts are free in the latter genera. The genera Pavetta L. and IxoraL., which have sometimes been combined, may be distin- guished as follows. 1. Bracts connate at base of trichotomous branches of the inflorescence, and usually membranous; branches of inflorescence not articulated; stigma inconspicuously 2-fid; flowers drying very pale brown or blackish; leaves deciduous, + membranous or slightly coriaceous, hairy or glabrous; stipules united into an interpetiolar sheath, truncate or with prominent CPISPIG APS UDO GSere = mua 5! aj cnlen kal his al nde ose F.4E raw GEE a GS Sela led dy eheelalla WGue Pavetta Bracts free, + coriaceous; branches of inflorescence articulated; stigma with 2 recurved lobes, flowers drying + reddish (wine-coloured); leaves not deciduous, usually coriaceous, glabrous; stipules usually very shortly united at base, and with cuspidate or aristate lobes. ... 00... . cc ce ee eee Ixora The genus Pavetta L. was divided by Bremekamp (1934) into subgenera, sections and series. The Australian species are referable to subgenus Pavetta ‘eupavetta’, section Pavettaster Bremek. and series Austro- orientales Bremek. Notes: In the following key to species, the nature of the hairs on the calyx (of opened flowers but not buds) and the leaves are used to distinguish most of the species. Because most species (except P. australiensis) are poorly represented in herbaria, or represented by in- complete material Gnostly because the leaves are deciduous and therefore absent or immature when flowering material is collected), sets of characters are provided to help distinguish the species. In the descriptions, the length ofthe flow- ering branchlet is actually that of the peduncle- like long stalk subtending the trichotomously branched corymbiform inflorescences, and the measurement of the inflorescence comprises the three corymbiform branches from apex of peduncle-like stalk. Sree ree rent bce tee rb nr nce ne te ME RN A ROR RRR REE « 24 Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Key to the Species . Leaves and inflorescence glabrous (very rarely with a few scattered hairs on inflorescence axes and calyX) 0... ce ee eee eee eee etna 2 Leaves hairy all over the surface or the hairs restricted to midrib and nerves EVTELOTE S CENCE SIG sas vse p peak we ets Doe ree eei k Oe Macy Aes le ae: ee sik rl nih cee aed eke Sj 4 . Leaves 0.8—2.5(—-3.2) cm wide; petioles 2—-10(—16) mm long; midrib conspicuously raised on lower surfaces; inflorescences compact with short branches; pedicels 1-4 mm long; calyx distinctly toothed Leaves (2.0-)4.0—8.0(—9.2) cm wide; petioles (7—)12—22 mm long; midrib not conspicuously raised on lower surfaces; inflorescences open with long branches; pedicels 4.5—-12.0 mm long; calyx indistinctly toothed ............... 3 . Leaves 5.5-15.0 x 2.0-6.2 cm, elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, apex acute, acuminate or subobtuse; texture thin; corolla tube CFA 2 17 am ORS sc 5.5 aiare cc rguiseied Atel A hls BEng, Bal wie alee RE 1. P. australiensis Leaves 7.5-21.0 x 3.5-9.2 cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or + obovate, apex obtuse or subacute, rarely shortly acuminate or + rounded; texture + coriaceous; corolla tube 6-9(-11) mm long .................. 5. P. brownii . Leaves 0.8—2.5(—3.2) cm wide, attenuate into short petiole; both surfaces hairy; petioles 2—10(—16) mm long; inflorescence usually compacted; pedicels 1-4 mm long; calyx distinctly toothed, appressed hairy; corolla tube (8—)12—14 mm long ...... 0... ce eee 2. P. granitica Leaves usually more than 3.5 cm wide, if less then not with above SOM DIT ALIOM COL CHATACTORS 5.15.05. kets teon seh oe ONGN ws acetastrueke wg aaah p mite: sonar hina wedey tL seyhoe Negt bese 5 . Leaves very thin in texture, apex prominently acuminate or acute; lower surfaces of leaves and inflorescences very finely hairy......... 1, P. australiensis Leaves usually + coriaceous, apex obtuse, + rounded, acute, subacute or rarely shortly acuminate at apex; both surfaces of leaves and inflorescences finely hairy, or leaves hairy only on lower surfaces, or only on the midrib and nerves ...... 0... cc eee cette tenet eens 6 . Hairs on calyx tube usually straight and patent... 0.0... cc ee eee eens 7 Hairs on calyx tube usually curved, antrorsely curved or appressed, PAPC TY AAS ES POAT cd ba elec le a rtine Sage gases wane nary adi cela oP deg Mes brmovcat & aes ob Eek esate acndlytaates 9 . Leaves and flowers on short stalks; petioles 0.5—1.0 cm long; pedicels 2-4 mm long; leaves 1.5~5.5 cm wide, both surfaces hairy, dries very pale brown or yellow-brown with paler nerves; lateral corymbs 9—14-flowered 2.0... ccc ccc eee eee eee e tee ee ene a 6. P. rupicola Leaves and flowers on long stalks; petioles 0.8-4.0 cm long; pedicels (4.5—)6—-13 mm long; leaves (3.5—)4.5-10.0 cm wide; both surfaces hairy or hairy only on the midrib and nerves, dries brown, olive-brown or infused with black, with whitish or blackish nerves; lateral corymbs (7—)11—34-flowered .......... 0.0.0.0 cee eeu eeees sou bes SESS 4 8 Reynolds, Australian Pavetta 8. Petioles 0.8—1.7(-2.2) cm long; leaves 7.5—15.5(-21) x (3.5—)4.5-8.0 (-9.2) cm; internode of lateral branches of inflorescence (6—) 11-20 mm long; calyx lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long; corollatube 6-11 mm long, corolla lobes 4.5-6.0 mm long; leaves and inflorescence usually dries blackish or infused with black .......... 0.00... cc cae ee eee Petioles (1.6—)2.7-4.0 cm long; leaves (12.0-)17.0-24.5 x (4.7—)5.5—10.0 cm; internode of lateral branches of inflorescence (6-)20-40 mm long; calyx lobes 0.7-1.0 mm long; corolla tubes (8—)10-13 mm long; corolla lobes 5.5—6.5 mm long; leaves and inflorescence very rarely ery annfirsedoyitiy DIACK >, 5.2 dye bce ek koe we bls ceaeeeaee nein Spek Fee wees 9. Leaves‘hatry on both surfaces: .... <0 ces ee ee ce ees ee een ees Leaves glabrous on upper surfaces, but hairy on lower surfaces, or hairy only on the midrib of both surfaces... 0... . cee ee 10.Lower surface of leaves densely hairy, upper ones with dense or sparse persistent hairs; calyx with appressed hairs................. Both surfaces of leaves sparsely hairy; calyx with antrorsely curved, appressed or + spreading Nas « ..sad4 fsa gece hs Ge ae ee da a oo 11.Pedicels usually unequal in length in a cymule; fruiting pedicels 3-8 mm long; petioles 0.5-—2.5 cm long; internodes of central branch of inflorescence 5-10 mm long; calyx tube and usually limb, with dense, slightly curly appressed hairs; corolla tube (4-)7-10 mm long; leaves usually glossy on upper surface, dries brown or reddish brown with reddish or whitish nerves; lateral nerves 12-14 pairs ....... Pedicels usually equal in length in a cymule; fruiting pedicels (7-) 10-20 mm long; petioles (1.2—)2.4—3.5 cm long; internodes of central branch of inflorescence (6—)12—17 mm long; calyx tube with moderately sparse, short, + curved, appressed hairs, hairs sparser on limb; corolla tube 9-11(—15) mm long; leaves + shiny or slightly dull on upper surface, dries pale brown, yellowish-brown to olive-brown, 25 3. P. muelleri with whitish or pale yellow nerves; lateral nerves 9-11(-13) pairs ... 4. P. kimberleyana 12.Inflorescences compact, depressed from top and with short lateral branches (internodes of central branch 3—5(—7) mm long, that of lateral branch 2—7(—12) mm long); connate bracts finely hairy outside; calyx tube usually with appressed or antrorsely curved hairs; — corolla tube 7—-11(—-13) mm long, glabrous outside; stipules connate below middle, with broadly ovate lobes ..... 0.0.0.0... 0c cc eee eee Inflorescences open with long branches (internodes of central branch 5-15 mm long, that of lateral branch 20-30 mm long); connate bracts + velutinous outside; calyx tube with antrorsely curved or + spreading hairs; corolla tube 12-14 mm long, usually pilose outside; stipules united nearly the whole length forming a long sheath, truncate or with small ovate lobes... 0.0... 0.0.0.0 eee eee ee 9. P. conferta 26 Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) 13.Leaves and fruits on long stalks; petioles (1.2—)2.4-4.0 cm long; fruiting pedicels (7—)10—20 mm long; lateral branch of inflorescence with (6-)10-40 mm long internode; calyx distinctly toothed, tube appressed hairy; leaves (6.0—)8.5—25.0 x (2.5—)5.5-10.0 cm... . 0... eee ee 14 Leaves and fruits on moderately short stalks; petioles 0.8-2.2 cm long; fruiting pedicels 8-14 mm long; lateral branch of inflorescence with (6—)8—20 mm long internode; calyx with or without distinct teeth, tube with appressed or antrorsely curved hairs; leaves (6.0—)9.0—15.5 (—21.0) x 3.5-8.0(7-9.2) cm .........0.. 14, Petioles (1.2—)2.4-3.5 cm long; pedicels 2.5-4.5(—-10.0) mm long (in fruit (7-)10—20 mm long); internode of lateral branch of inflorescence 10-27 mm long; corolla tube 9-11(-15) mm long; leaves (6.0—) 8.5—18.5(-25.0) x (2.5—)5.5—7.0(-8.5) cm, elliptic, broadly lanceolate or subobovate, apex obtuse, + rounded or subacute ............ 00 ee 4, P. kimberleyana Petioles (1.6—)2.7-4.0 cm long; pedicels (6—)10—13mm long (in fruit (8—)12—-15 mm long); internode of iateral branch of inflorescence (6—)20—40 mm long; corolla tube (8—)10-13 mm long; leaves (12.0—)17.0-24.5 x (4.7—)5.5—10.0 cm, elliptic, abruptly narrow at both ends, apex obtuse or abruptly shortly acuminate ...... 0.0... cece eee 7. P. tenella 15. Inflorescences large, densely flowered with showy large flowers; branches short (internodes of central branch 5-8 mm long, that of lateral branch 6—11 mm long); corolla tube (9-)12—16 mm long, gradually dilated to apex, pilose outside; corolla lobes 6.5—7.0 mm long; calyx distinctly toothed; leaves obovate to elliptic; lateral nerves oblique or arcuate, (9—)12—18-paired.... ' * * © @#@ © 8 #£ @ © © © €£ ££ & & &@ # © # © HF 8 8 8 f 8. P. speciosa Not with above combination of characters; inflorescence branches usually long (internodes of central branch 5-15-30) mm long, that of lateral branch (6—)11—20 mm long); corolla tubes 6—9(-11) mm long, slender or dilated towards apex, glabrous outside; corolla lobes 4.5-6.0 mm long; calyx indistinctly toothed; leaves elliptic, elliptic- oblong or rarely+ obovate; lateral nerves patent or + oblique, 8—10-paired * s&s © © & © & F&F &€& § & FE € F FF F&F F&F F&F FF SF FE FE FE EE F&F S&S FF F&F FF EF EF FF FF 1. Pavetta australiensis Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37: 124 (1934). Type: Queens- land: Coox Districr: Cape York, 12 No- vember 1849, J. Macgillivray s.n. (holo: K 3), [Jxora pavetta auct. non Roxb.: Benth., FI. austral. 3: 414 (1867 ‘1866’): F. Muell., Ist Census 74 (1882)]. [Pavetta indica auct. non L.: F. Muell., Fragm. 9:182 (1875): Bailey, Synopsis. Qd Fl. 227 (1883), & Qd FI. 3: 766 (1900): Ewart & Davies, Fl. Northern Territory 258 (1917): Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 623 (1928) as P indica var. typica nom. inval. | Becket Dolal gles Gk ark WRT AS aos AY eM ast eoatlabahe 5. P. brownii Shrubs or small trees 2—5 m high; bark grey; all parts glabrous, or tips of branchlets, leaves and inflorescence finely hairy. Leaves usually clus- tered at tips of branchlets, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, narrowly oblanceolate-acuminate to lanceolate, (5.5—)8.0—15.0 x (2.0-)4.0-6.2 cm; apex abruptly acuminate (acumen long or short), acute or + obtuse, mucronate, base + obtuse or acute, occasionally abruptly acute and attenuate into petiole; texture thin (very thin when dry and slightly membranous); glabrous or lower sur- faces finely hairy with pale or brown hairs, or only midribs hairy; dries pale olive-green to darkish brown or blackish with black, reddish or whitish nerves; midrib usually + sunken to- wards the base on upper surfaces, raised below, Reynolds, Australian Pavetta dries whitish or blackish; lateral nerves very thin, widely spaced, 6—9(—12) pairs, slightly oblique, erect or arcuate; reticulate venation very fine; petioles (0.7—)1.7—2.2 cm long, hairy or glabrous. Stipules at apex of branchlets ovoid-globose, acuminate, those on branchlets connate to above the middle and usually form- ing an oblique sheath, slightly truncate, or with ovate, aristate, conspicuously keeled lobes, +t membranous, dries very pale brown, glabrous or puberulous outside, usually with sparse long colleters inside (at base). Stipular bracts sheath- ing young inflorescences broadly ovate, +mem- branous, dries pinkish-brown. Inflorescence bearing branchlets 3.5—19.5 cm long, with pale or reddish brown papery peeling bark; inflores- cences one to few clustered at tips of branchlets, 2,5-9.5 x 5,0-12.0 cm, laxly corymbose, cen- tral branch with (1), 2 or 3 internodes, these (3-)7-28 mm long; lateral branches with (6—) 11-35 mm long internode, and (8—)17—29-flow- ered corymbs; peduncles glabrous, rarely witha few antrorsely curved hairs; connate bracts broadly ovate, cuspidate, membranous, glabrous or puberulous outside, 8-10 x 6—8 mm. Pedicels 5—10 mm long (in fruit (8—)13—16 mm long), glabrous or puberulous; calyx with a slightly flared, short, pale + membranous limb, indis- tinctly toothed, 1.5—2.5 x 1.0-2.2 mm, glabrous 27 or with fine, antrorsely curved or appressed hairs onthe tube; limb about one third the length of the tube, glabrous; calyx lobes minute, about 0.5 mm long, narrowly triangular or subulate, keeled, glabrous or with a few hairs at apex; corolla tube slender, dilated towards the mouth, (7—) 12-17 mm long, 1.0—1.5 mm wide at base, 1.5—2.5 mm wide at top, usually pilose at throat; corolla lobes about halfas long as the tube, (5—) 6-8 x 2-3 mm, elliptic or lanceolate, obtuse or subacute; anthers 3.5—5.0 mm long; styles 2.5~3.5 mm long. Fruits 5—9 x 5~7 mm; seeds subglobose, 4-6 x 4-6 mm. Diagnostic features: P. australiensis is dis- tinguishable by its thin, glabrous or hairy, ellip- tic or lanceolate, acuminate, subacute or obtuse leaves; its few lateral nerves; obliquely ovate thin stipules; usually many-flowered, laxly corymbose, glabrous or hairy inflorescences; its slender pedicels, long corolla tubes, and by its large, thin, oblique, usually persistent bracts on young inflorescences. This species is very variable in the shape and size of leaves and inflorescence, in the length of corolla tube and the degree of hairi- ness. Two varieties are separated here as fol- lows. 1. Leaves and inflorescence glabrous (very rarely with a few scattered FRATES ee yc calacetsiniestacs- 4c vs seh deh oh Sancta oe ane te ava Mune ok teh wok alent whl var. australiensis Lower surface of leaves and inflorescence finely hairy................08. var. pubigera P. australiensis Bremek. var. australiensis Distinguishing characters are as indicated in the key above. Representative specimens: Queensland. Cook District: Cape York, Mar 1868, Daemels.n. GS, MEL); 4.5 km from Watson River Crossing on the Aurukun-Merluna road, about 40 km NE of Aurukun, Dec 1981, Clarkson 4060 (BRI); Round Mountain, Embley Range (13°33'S, 143°30! E), Jun 1992, Forster 10468 (BRD); *Silver Valley (17°27’S, 145°15°E), Dec 1976, Gray 9 (QRS).* Mt Molloy, Apr 1932, Brass s.n.(BRIJ). Burke District: ** Karumba, Aug 1943, Blake 15135 (BRI, MEL);NortH Kennepy District: Murray River, Oct 1867, Dallachy sn. QMEL 1554006); *Townsville, Dec 1961, Kennedy s.n. (BRI); Conway road about 0.5 km N of Conway beach, about 30 km E of Proserpine, Nov 1985, Sharp 4001 & Batianoff (BRD. South Kennepy District: Port Mackay, 1863, Dietrich 1836 (CANB). Port Curtis District: Keppel and Shoal Bay, Brown 3447 (BM ), and 3448 (BM, CANB, NSW). LEICHHARDT bDistricTt: Lake Elphinstone area, Feb 1987, Champion 217 (BRD. purnett District: 5 of Cania Gorge National Park, about 20 km NNW of Monto, Oct 1983, Henderson 2984, Guymer & Dillewaard (BRI, CANB). Moreton District: Brisbane River, date unknown, Mueller (K, MEL); ditto, Sep 1820, Cunningham 105 (K), ditto, Sep 1827, Cunningham 562 (BM, K). New South Wales. Tweed River, date unknown, Eaves s.n. MEL 15533987); Kyogle, May 1947, Hayes s.n. (NSW). Distribution and habitat: Eastern Australia, chiefly coastal, from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, to northern New South Wales; usually as an understorey tree in fringing forests along creeks and rivers, in dry scrubs, coastal forests, beach ridges, and hillsides. Map 1. 28 Notes: This variety consists of several forms varying especially in the form of the leaves and inflorescences. These forms are not formally recognised here because they are connected by intermediate forms or they are poorly known. However, two of these forms, from north and northwestern Queensland, both with narrow leaves, are rather distinctive and probably wor- thy of recognition, but there are not enough specimens available of them to establish whether they are consistently different. The form from north Queensland ( * Brass s.n.; * Gray 9; and * Kennedy s.n.) has narrow leaves (2-4 cm wide), long pedicels (about 10 mm long) and long corolla tubes (13-17 mm long). The one from northwestern Queensland, viz ** Blake 15135 from Karumba, has narrow, elliptic + falcate leaves, 8.5—13.0 x 1.9—2.8 cm, with acute or subacute apex, and 1s acute and decurrent into long prominent petiole at base; the midrib dries very pale yellow and is very prominently raised on lower surfaces and con- tinuous with the very pale yellow, long, thick petiole, lateral nerves obscure; the petioles are 1.7—2.3 cm long; the inflorescences (immature) have short branches 5—7 mm long, the pedicels aré 2-4 mm long, and the corolla tubes about 8 mm long. This form has the aspect of both P. australiensis and P. granitica and 1s probably distinct from both these species, but until more collections from this area are seen, it is tenta- tively included under the former species be- cause in most features it appears to agree more with this species. Affinities: Some forms of P. australiensis var. australiensis resemble P. opulina (J.R. Forst.) DC. from New Caledonia, as represented by specimens under that name at BRI. They are also comparable with the type of the latter species name, viz Forster s.n. (K !). The species are probably closely related, but because only a few specimens of P. opulina were seen in this study, it has not been possible to assess its variability andrelationship to P. australiensis at this time. P. australiensis var. pubigera S.T. Reynolds var. nov. P. australiensi var. australiensi similis autem foliis inflorescentiisque pubescentibus differt. Typus: Queensland. Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Cook District: Gap Creek about 22 miles [34.2 km] S by E of Cooktown, altitude 300 m, 19 May 1969, Smith s.n. (holo: BRI (AQ 377111); iso: CANB). Distinguishing characters of this variety are as indicated in the key above. The leaves are usually abruptly and conspicuously acuminate (mostly with a moderately long acumen) or acute at apex, and the corolla tubes are mostly shorter (7-12 mm long) than those of the typical variety. Specimens examined: Queensland. Cook Districr: Tim- ber Reserve 114, Kewteven, MclIlwraith Range (13°43’S, [43°19 EB), Mar 1982, Hyland 11766 (BRI, QRS); 16 km along road to Leo Creek Mine, MclIlwraith Range (13°42’ S, 143°13’E), Jun 1992, Forster 10094 (BRD; Gap Creek, Aug 1973, Moriarty 1416 (CANB); Bloomfield near Hopedale, Sep 1960, Smith 11102 (BRI, CANB); Palmerston National Park, about 1.6km S of highway, 32km WSW of Innisfail, Sep 1960, Smith 11272 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: North Queensland, from MclIlwraith Range to near Innisfail; in eucalypt woodlands, at 300-700 m altitude. Map 5. Affinities: Collections of P. australiensis var. pubigera are comparable with specimens of two New Guinea species, viz P. platyclada Laut. et K. Schum. and P. valetonii Bremek. They are scarcely separable from some of the specimens of P. platyclada Lauterb. et K. Schum. at BRI and NSW, particularly Brass 5502 (BRI) collected Sep-Nov 1933, from Auga River, Mafulu, Central Division, and Brass 8229 (BRI, L), collected in October 1936, from Lower Fly River, east bank opposite Sturt Is- land, and they also match quite well with the typeof P. valetonii Bremek. (Dutch New Guinea, N.W. part, Gjellerup 168 (holo: L (1.v.); iso: K !)). These species are no doubt closely related to P. australiensis var. pubigera but specimens of them so far seen are too few to be sure of their relationship at this time. P, platyclada auterb. et K. Schum. and P. yaletonii Bremek. are doubtfully distinct from each other and their relationship needs to be investigated. P. platyclada was described by Lauterbach and Schumann (1901) as a glabrous species. Valeton (1911) recognised a hairy va- riety of this species, viz P. platyclada vat. Reynolds, Australian Pavetta puberula Valeton, but Bremekamp (1934) in- cluded this variety in his new species P. valetonii Bremek. Since the only difference between the above two species appears to be the presence or absence of hairs, and since hairy and glabrous forms are present within many species of Pavetta, including P. brownii and P. australiensis, these species should possibly be recombined. How- ever, specimens of P. platyclada and P. valetonii available for this study are too few for a comparative study to be undertaken at this time. Specimens of P. platyclada available for study (including Brass 5502 determined by Bremekamp as P. platyclada) have sparsely hairy or nearly glabrous leaves and finely hairy inflorescences. Some of them are not unlike some of the collections under P. australiensis var. pubigera, the latter is therefore probably referable to P. platyclada also, but more speci- mens are needed to be certain. Etymology: The varietal epithet pubigera, from Latin pubi = softly or weakly hairy, -ger = bearing, refers to the finely hairy leaves and inflorescences. | 2. Pavetta granitica Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37:123 (1934). Type: Queensland. NortH KENNEDY District: Burdekin River, No- vember 1856, F. Mueller s.n. (holo: K !; iso: MEL (MEL 153307) !). P. modesta Bremek., Feddes Repert. 47: 26 (1939). Type: Queensland. Cook Dts- TRICT: Between Petford and Boonmoo, 24 January 1931, CLE. Hubbard & CW. Wind- ers 6864A (holo: n.v.; iso: BRI !). ? P. indicavar. stenophylla Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 623 (1928). Type: ad fl. Gilbert River, Daintree crescit (n.v.). [P. tomentosa auct. non Roxb. ex Smith: Bailey, Qd Agre. J. 22: 28 (1909). Speci- mens from Stannary Hills, leg. Bancroft]. [P. indica var. tomentosa auct. non (Roxb. ) Hook. f.: Domin, Bibhoth. Bot. 89: 624 (1928). Specimens from Stannary Hills, Lc. ]. 29 Shrubs or small trees 1-5 m high, bark light grey, very flaky; branchlets, young parts, inflo- rescence axes and calyces + hoary with dense, + appressed or antrorsely curved short hairs; branchlets very pale grey or whitish, often snarled and with short internodes. Leaves crowded at tips of branchlets, narrowly elliptic, acute or attenuate at both ends, or lanceolate or oblanceolate, (3.8—)9.5—13.0(—16.5) x 0.8-2.5 (—3.2) cm, apex obtuse or subacute, rarely abruptly shortly acuminate and apiculate, mar- gins slightly recurved, base cuneate or acute, decurrent into the usually short petiole; + coriaceous (thick when dry); both surfaces hairy, very rarely subglabrous to glabrous, the hairs sparse short and slightly curved on upper sur- faces, but usually denser, longer, curved or slightly crispate and + appressed on lower sur- faces; upper surfaces sometimes gland-dotted, dark or yellow green, dries greyish brown; midrib very conspicuous, raised on lower sur- faces, often pale yellow when dry; lateral nerves very fine, 6-10 pairs, + arcuate; petioles 2—-10(-16) mm long, subterete, hairy; stipules united to below the middle and forming a short sheath, lobes broadly ovate, cuspidate, prom1- nently keeled, densely hairy on the outside with short, antrorsely curved, white hairs, and with dense long fine colleters inside (at base). Inflor- escence bearing flowering branchlets 3.5— 7.0(—14.5) cm long, covered with light grey or brownish, thin, flaky bark, inflorescences usu- ally much shorter than leaves, usually con- tracted with short branches, 2.5—5.0 x 3.5—7.5 cm; central branch with 1 or 2 internodes, these (2—)4—10 mm long; reduced leaves usually per- sistent at upper nodes; lateral branches with a usually flattened 5—15(—20) mm long internode, and 7—27-flowered corymbs; peduncles densely appressed hairy; connate bracts broadly ovate, membranous or with + scarious margins, appressed hairy on the outside, and with dense long colleters inside (at base), Pedicels usually unequal in length in acymule, 1-4 mm long Gin fruit 5-8 mm long), densely appressed hairy; calyx about 2 mm long, calyx tube densely tomentose, with slightly curved appressed hairs, calyx limb wider than tube, very thin, sparsely hairy, distinctly toothed; calyx lobes broadly ovate, 0.5—0.7 x 0.5 mm, not keeled; corolla tube slender, slightly dilated at throat, (8—)12- 14 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide at base and to EXIVOR IAA a oe eae eg ae nee tt i ae La RNA MADSEN OS NE 1 mY comm i BM SE ASML AE AGI es A 30 2 mm wide at top, glabrous outside; corolla lobes 5.0-—6.0 x 1.5-2.0 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse; anthers 5—6 mm long; styles 2.5~—3.0cm long, glabrous. Fruits 7-9 x 8-10 mm; seeds depressed globose or ovoid, 4-6 x 4-6 mm. Fig. 2A. Representative specimens: Queensland. Cook DISTRICT. Stannary Hills, date unknown, Bancroft 294 (BRI (AQ 125110)). Gilbert River, in 1894, * Johnson s.n. (WEL 150220); ditto, date unknown, Daintree s.n. (MEL 1537278); Etheridge River, date unknown, Armift 93 (MEL);** Quinkin Creek area ~ Laura River (15°3-’S, 144°3-’E), May 1975, Byrnes 3398 (BRI); Caterpillar Mountains, 31 km along Einasleigh road, off Mt Surprise- Georgetown road, Jan 1992, Forster 9655 (BRD); Near Six Mile Waterhole on Gibb’s Creek, about 15.5 km W of Irvinebank, Jan 1979, Lockyer 172 (BRI); Pannekin Springs area, 29 Km W of Mungana (17°07’S, 144°07’E), Jan 1993, Forster PIF 12980 (BRD; Between Pefford and Boonmoo, Jan 1931, Hubbard & Win-ders 6864 (BRD. NortH KENNEDY District: Charters Towers, Apr 1943, Blake 14900 (BRI, CANB); Near junction of Broughton and Burdekin Rivers, near Charters Towers, Jun 1931, Hubbard & Winders 6972 (BRD; ** Mount Bohle, 37 km SW of Charters Towers (20°16' S, 146°01’°B), Sep 1991, Thompson 266 & Dillewaard (BRI). Soura KENNeEpy Dis- TRIcT: 21.6km N of Mirtnahomestead (20°07’S, 146°11’B), May 1991, Neldner 3113 & Thompson (BRD. LEICHHARDT District: Cheswall Creek area, 3 km of Peak Downs up Wathung Road (22°15’S, 148°58’E), Aug 1990, Forster 7256 (BRI); ** Coxen Peak (22°12’S, 148°27°E), Aug 1990, Forster 7313 (BRI). Distribution and habitat: North and central Queensland, from Stannary Hills to near Peak Downs; on granite, rocky outcrops and hill- sides, sandstone escarpments, also onriverbanks; on stony soil or among granite boulders; in open forests; altitudes 300-700 m. Map 4. Diagnostic features: P. granitica 1s easily dis- tinguishable from all other Australian species by its narrow, usually hairy, mostly shortly petioled leaves with very conspicuous whitish midrib; by its short, compacted, hairy inflores- cences with short branches; by its shortly pedicelled flowers, distinctly toothed calyx, dense appressed hairs on calyx tube, and by its long corolla tubes. Affinities: This species ts related to P. muelleri of which it has the hairy leaves, short unequal pedicels (in acymule), distinctly toothed calyx, and densely appressed hairy calyx tube, but Austrobatleya 4(1); 21-49 (1993) differs from the latter species by its narrow leaves and long corolla tubes. Some forms of P. rupicola with narrow leaves, short petioles, and short inflorescences have been confused with P granitica in the past, but P. rupicola may easily be distinguished by the hairs on the calyx tube, 1.c. the hairs are straight and patent in the latter species, and not appressed as in P. granitica, and alsoin P. rupicola the leaves are generally wider and dry a pale brown or yellowish brown. Although most specimens of P. granitica seen in this study aretypically hairy, aform with glabrous or subglabrous leaves and inflores- cences, from sandstone areas, viz **Byrnes 3398; **Thompson 266 & Dillewaard; ** Forster 7313, is tentatively included under this species, because, although the specimens avail- able for study are either sterile or incomplete, the leaves resemble those of this species. How- ever, more collections (especially flowering specimens) of this form are necessary to be certain that these specimens are correctly placed. The glabrous form can be confused with the narrow-leaved form of P. australiensis, but the latter species may be distinguished by its much thinner leaves which dries blackish or brownish, by its larger, open inflorescences, longer pedicels, and by its indistinctly toothed calyx. Note: P. modesta Bremek. 1s synonymised under this species because its type is of the same taxon as thatof P. granitica Bremek. which also occurs in the type locality. P, indica var. stenophylla Domin, is also probably referable to P. granitica and tenta- tively synonymised under this name. The type (only specimen cited in the protolog) of P. indica var. stenophylla Domin is missing. The only specimen from Gilbert River, collected by Daintree (MEL 1537278) available for study, agrees with Domin’s original description in its narrow lanceolate leaves, but the specimen is hairy, not glabrous as recorded in the protolog. This specimen, however, is a good match for other collections filed under P. granitica (in- cluding a collection from Gilbert River, viz *Johnson S.n.). Reynolds, Australian Pavetta 3. Pavetta muelleri Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37: 124 (1934). Type: Northern Terri- tory. Upper Victoria River, in 1856, F. Mueller s.n. (holo: K ! (specimen anno- tated ‘P. muelleri’ by Bremek.); iso: K !}; MEL (MEL1537164 !). Tall shrubs or small spreading trees 1.5—8.0 m high; bark mid-grey to blackish, stringy or flaky; branchlets with short, spreading, minute, + antrorsely curved or appressed hairs towards their tips. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, narrowing at both ends, or slightly wider above middle and subobovate, and attenuating into the petiole, (5,.2—)10.0-16.5 x (2.2-)3.5-6.0 (-7.0) cm, apex obtuse, + rounded, rarely emarginate or abruptly shortly acuminate; base acute or subobtuse and abruptly narrowing and attenu- ate; both surfaces hairy or very rarely subglabrous, upper ones with sparse, short, slightly curved hairs, lower surfaces with dense to sparse long, + curved, fine white hairs (hairs on the midrib longer, shiny and appressed); + coriaceous; upper surfaces usually glossy, slightly resinous and obscurely gland-dotted; usually dries darker above, reddish brown with reddish nerves or occasionally pale brown with whitish nerves; midrib broad, flattened or slightly channelled on upper surface, usually dries red- dish-brown; nerves and reticulation very fine, lateral nerves 12—14 pairs, slightly oblique to subpatent, looping at margins; petioles (0.5—)1.0-2.5 cm long, flattened or channelled above. Stipules at apex of branchlets, ovate, long-acuminate, others briefly connate near base and forming a very short, oblique sheath, lobes broadly ovate, cuspidate, prominently keeled, densely white hairy on outside with long and short appressed hairs, and with fine long colleters on the inside (at base). Inflorescence bearing flowering branchlets (1.2—)5.0-10.5 cm long, covered with pale or greyish flaky bark; inflo- rescences 4,5—6.0 x 6.5—11.5 cm, open, usually branching from base with laxly corymbose branches, central branch with (1—)2 or 3 thick internodes, these 5—10mm long; reduced leaves usually persistent at all the nodes; lateral branches usually with a long, (6—)12~20 mm long, flattened internode, and 20—34-flowered corymbs; cymules long-stalked (stalks 8-12 mm long); connate bracts broadly ovate, cuspt- date, + membranous, densely hairy on the out- 31 side with shiny, long, white appressed hairs, and with long fine colleters on the inside (at base); peduncles densely hairy with curved appressed hairs. Pedicels usually unequal in length in a cymule, (0.5—)2.0-3.0(—7.0) mm long (in fruit 3-8 mm long), slender, densely hairy with + antrorsely curved hairs. Calyx 1.5-2.7 mm long, usually with a long, flared, conspicuously toothed limb, calyx tube densely tomentose with fine, white, slightly curly, usually appressed hairs, the hairs slightly sparser on the limb; limb wider than the tube, and one half to one third the length of the tube; calyx lobes 0.5-0.7 x 0.5—0.7 mm, broadly ovate, hairy or subglabrous on the outside; corolla tube slender, dilated towards mouth, (4—)7—-10 mm long, about 1.5 mm wide at base, 2—3 mm wide at top, glabrous or rarely pilose outside, corolla lobes some- times nearly as long as the tube, 5.0-6.5 x 2.0-3.0 mm, oblong-elliptic, obtuse; anthers 4,0-5.5 mm long, styles 2.5—3.7 mm long, gla- brous. Fruits 6-7 x 6-8 mm; seeds depressed globose, 3.0-4.0x 5.0-6.5 mm. Fig. 1B. Representative specimens: Western Australia. Vicinity of Kimberley Research Station near Kununurra, 1969, Mackenzie 710209 (CANB), Northern Territory, Keep River National Park (15°40’S, 129°08’E), Feb 1988, Dunlop 5720 (DNA); 2km E of Victoria River, Dec 1988, Russell- Smith 6522 & Lucas (DNA); Gregory National Park, 4 km W of Victoria River bridge, Mar 1986, Thomson 1412 (DNA); Sea Range, Dec 1855, Mueller s.n. (MEL); Vicinity of El Sharana Mining Camp, Jan 1973, Martensz & Schodde AE 386 (BRI, DNA); N side of Mt Brockman, Feb 1973, Craven 2341 (BRI, CANB, DNA); *Oenpelli, Sep 1948, Specht 1045 (BRD. Distribution and habitat: East Kimberley, Western Australia to Arnhem Land, Northern Territory; usually on sandstone plateau, out- crops, escarpments, hillsides and ridges. Map Diagnostic features: P,. muelleriis distinguish- able by its mostly shortly petioled, usually hairy, elliptic or subobovate, obtuse, glossy leaves which dry brown or reddish brown with reddish brown or whitish, usually oblique lateral nerves; by its widely branched inflorescences with cymules on long stalks, usually short pedicels (which are mostly unequal in a cymule), and by its dense, + curly, usually appressed white hairs on the calyx, and also by its distinct calyx lobes. 32 Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) a 4 ey VO it Weel. , ta > N oe a pie? et ee un, ie ee Sen hy Fig. 1. A. Pavetta brownii var. brownit: A,. branchlet with flowers x 0.6, A,. calyx with pedicel x 4, A,. longitudinal section of corolla x 4. B. P. muelleri, B,. cymule x 2. B,. calyx x 4, A. Jessup 821. B. Russell-Smith 6522. Reynolds, Australian Pavetta Notes: P. muelleriis quite variable, especially in the colour of dried leaves, and length of pedicels and corolla tubes. Specimens from around Victoria River and Kununurra in West- ern Australia have elliptic-oblong or subobovate, mostly glossy leaves which dry brown with whitish nerves, or reddish brown with reddish nerves, and have alarge amount of lateral nerves, long pedicels and corolla tubes. Specimens from Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, viz El Sharana and Mt Brockman, have usually wider, shiny, elliptic leaves with fewer pairs of lateral nerves, densely white hairy connate bracts, shorter pedicels and usually smaller flowers (especially ones from hillsides and ridges). A collection from Oenpelli, viz Specht 1045, is tentatively included here, although it differs from other specimens in having moreor less glabrous leaves, because in other characters they are those of this species. Affinities: P. muellerit resembles P. kimberleyana of which it has the calyx hairs and general aspect, but the latter species differs by its usually larger, less hairy leaves, longer peti- oles, pedicels and fruit stalks (see under this species). P, muelleri had been confused with P. brownit in herbaria, mainly because specimens belonging to these species are often difficult to identify in the absence of fertile material. How- ever, P. brownii differs from this species by its mostly broader ((3.5—)4.5—9.2 cm wide), ellip- tic or elliptic-oblong leaves which usually dry blackish or infused with black, by its fewer lateral nerves (6-10 pairs), by its longer pedicels ((4.5—-)6.0-12.0 mm long (9-14 mm long in fruit)), minute calyx lobes, and straight, usually patent hairs on calyx tube. 4. Pavetta kimberleyana S.T. Reynolds sp. nov. P. muelleri Bremek. persimilis autem differt petiolis et pedicellis fructiferis multo longioribus (2-4-plo longioribus), foluis plerumque sparsim pubescentibus vel subglabris. Typus: Western Australia. Mitchell Plateau, un- named tributary of Mitchell River (14°45’S, 125°38’E), 8 December 1982, K.F. Kenneally 8678 (holo: BRI; 1so: PERTH). 33 [P. indica var. tomentosa auct. non (Roxb.) J.D. Hooker: Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 89: 623 (1928). Specimens from Roebuck Bay, leg. Tepper}. (P. brownii auct. non Bremek.: Koeh in Wheeler, Fl. Kimberley Region, 922 (1992)| Shrubs or small trees 3-8 m high; bark silver grey, yellow-grey or greyish brown, stringy; young parts especially young leaves densely hairy with long white hairs; branchlets sparsely hairy at their tips with very fine short, slightly antrorsely curved or appressed hairs. Leaves broadly lanceolate or elliptic, rarely subobovate, (6.0-)8.5-25.0 x (2.5-)5.5-8.5 cm, apex ob- tuse or sometimes + rounded, rarely subacute, apiculate; base subacute or obtuse and abruptly attenuate and decurrent into the long petiole; + coriaceous; upper surfaces usually with a slight sheen, sparsely hairy with short, slightly curved hairs, soon glabrous, or hairy only on midrib; lower surfaces covered with dense (younger leaves) or sparse, fine, long, soft, curved or + crispate, usually + erect, white hairs (hairs longer on the midrib), or hairy only on the midrib and nerves, rarely with very small, hairy tufts in the axil of the main nerves; sometimes obscurely gland-dotted, dries pale brown, yel- low-brown or olive-brown with conspicuous whitish or pale yellow midrib and nerves; midrib broadly channelled towards the base on upper surface; lateral nerves very slender, 9—11(—13) pairs, slightly oblique, ascending at their tips, or + arcuate, sometimes impressed above, reticu- late venation as fine as the nerves; petioles (1.2—)2.4—3.5 cm long, flattened or channelled above, finely hairy with short, appressed hairs, or glabrous; stipules at tips of branchlets usually globose-ovoid, with a long curved acumen at apex, others usually squat, united to about mid- dle and forming an oblique sheath, lobes ob- liquely ovate, long-cuspidate, prominently keeled (the keel usually darker and brownish), densely white hairy on the outside with very short, antrorsely curved or + appressed hairs, or + glabrous. Inflorescence bearing flowering branchlets 1—3(—6) cm long, covered with thin pale grey flaky bark; inflorescences 4.5—8.5 x 9,0-14.5 cm, very open and laxly corymbose, usually with long lateral branches; central branch ROE « See Termine aN es ste te oe cn A a ANNE eT LIE HELE LEH I HT NEE TE ESE ENE a eR, 34 with (1) 2 or 3 internodes, these (6—)12—17 mm long; reduced leaves usually persistent at nodes; lateral branches with long flattened internodes 10-27 mm long, and 13—24-flowered corymbs; cymules long stalked (stalks about 2.5 cm long); connate bracts broadly ovate, obtuse, usually thin and scarious, with dense white appressed hairs on the outside, and with long fine colleters inside (at base); peduncles appressed hairy with curved hairs. Pedicels (2.5-—)3.5—4.5(—10.0) mm long, in fruit (7-)10-20 mm long, finely hairy with short, antrorsely curved or + appressed hairs; calyx 2.0-2.5 mm long, with slightly flared pale thin limb and distinct lobes; calyx tube usually with moderately sparse, short, very slightly curved, white, appressed hairs on out- side, the hairs sparser on the limb; calyx lobes 0.5—1.25 x 0.5-1.25 mm, broadly ovate, ob- tuse; corollatube slender, dilated towards mouth, 9—-11(—15) mm long, 1.5—2.5 mm wide at top, glabrous outside, pilose at throat; corolla lobes nearly half as long as the tube, 5.5—7.0 x 2.0-3.0 mm, elliptic-oblong, obtuse; anthers 5.5—6.5 mm long; filaments about 1.5 mm long; styles 2.0—3.2 cm long, glabrous. Fruit 6.0-6.5 x 6.0-7.5 mm, puberulous or glabrous; seeds subglobose, 3.5—5.0 x 5.0-5.5 mm. Representative specimens: Western Australia, Mitchell Plateau, Camp Creek, approx. 1.5 km S of CRA Mining Camp (14°49’S, 125°50°E), Jan [982, Kenneally 7945 (PERTH); Mitchell Plateau, Lone Dingo, Feb 1979, Beard 8478 (BRI, PERTH); Augustus Island, Bonaparte Archi- pelago (15°25’S, 124°35’E), May 1972, Wilson s.n. (PERTH); West Kimberley, gorge of unnamed creek running E of Sale River, 30 km ESE of mouth (16°02’S, 124°46’E), May 1986, Kenneally 9634 (BRI, CANB); * Cygnet Bay, date unknown, Cunningham 91 (BM); ** Roebuck Bay, in 1889, Tepper 61 (MEL 1553916); ditto, in 1890, Teppers.n. (MEL 1553958); Between Wonganut Springs and Beagle Bay Rd, N of Broome (17°25’S, [22°20’E), Jan 1984, Willing 112 (PERTH). Distribution and habitat: Kimberley region, Western Australia,chiefly coastal from Mitchell Plateau to near Broome, also on offshore is- lands; usually in vine thickets, behind coastal dunes, along creeks, rivers, and near sandstone outcrops and sandstone scarps. Map §. Diagnostic features: P. kimberleyanais distin- guished by its long petioles, long pedicels espe- cially those of fruits, appressed hairy calyx tube, and its sparsely hairy to subglabrous leaves which usually dry pale brown, yellowish brown to olive-brown with usually whitish nerves. Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Notes: This species varies in its leaves, hairi- ness and in the size of calyx and corolla lobes. Two or three rather distinct forms are recognis- able as indicated below, but the forms are not formally named here, because, with the excep- tion of the typical form, the other forms are poorly represented (by two or three collec- tions), or represented by incomplete material to be certain that their differences are consistent. The typical form occurs at Mitchell Plateau, it has usually large, sparsely hairy to + glabrous leaves which are hairy (sparsely hairy) only on midribs, laxly corymbose inflorescences, and moderately long corolla tubes (9-11 mm long). Whereas the form from around Broome, has larger, many-flowered inflorescences, very thin, + glabrous calyx, and longer corolla tubes ((10-)12—15 mm) long. Specimens from around Cygnet Bay ditfer from the above forms in their rather distinctive long calyx lobes (about 1.25 mim long) but specimens seen of this taxon are too poor (old specimens) to judge if this charac- ter is consistent. Specimens from offshore is- lands (only fruiting specimens seen) usually have hairier leaves and short compact inflores- cences. Affinities: P. kimberleyanais comparable to P. muelleri Bremek. of which it has the general aspect, rather similar leaves and calyx hairs, but the latter species differs by its shorter petioles (0.5—2.5 cm long), shorter pedicels especially those of fruits (3-8 mm long), by its usually hairier, elliptic-oblong or subobovate leaves with glossy usually resinous upper surfaces, by its greater number of lateral nerves (12-14 pairs), and by its denser, longer, + curly, white appressed hairs on the calyx tube (and usually calyx limb as well). Note: * Cunningham’s collection from Cygnet Bay, Western Australia, was cited under P. brownii Bremek. by Bremekamp (1934), and ** Tepper’s collections from Roebuck Bay, was cited under P. indica var. tomentosa by Domin. The former species as circumscribed here, does not occur in Western Australia, while the latter name is misapplied (as indicated above). Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the region where this species occurs, i.e. the Kim- berley Region of Western Australia. Reynolds, Australian Pavetta 5, Pavetta brownii Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37: 125 (1934). Type: Queensland. Cook District: Carpentaria, Coen River, 6 November 1802, R. Brown 3449 p.p. (lecto (here designated): BM). [Zxora tomentosa auct. non Roxb.: Benth., FI, austral.3:414 (1867): Ewart & Davies, Fl Northern Territory, 258 (1917) |. [Pavetta tomentosa auct. non Roxb. ex Smith: F. Muell., Fragm. 9: 182 (1875): Bailey, Comprehensive Cat. Qd Pl. 245 (19Q9) ]. Shrubs or small trees 1-5 m high; bark usually grey and stringy; branchlets with fine, short, slightly antrorsely curved or spreading hairs, rarely glabrous. Leaves elliptic or oblong- elliptic, rarely + obovate, (7.5—)9.0-15.5(—21.0) x (3.5—)4.5-8.0(-9.2) cm, apex obtuse or subacute, rarely + rounded or abruptly shortly acuminate, base obtuse and abruptly attenuate into the petiole, or subacute, occasionally + truncate and abruptly attenuate; usually slightly coriaceous; both surfaces hairy or glabrous, the hairs on upper surfaces sparse, short, + rigid, curved, those on lower ones dense or sparse, fine, mostly erect (appressed on the midrib), occasionally the upper surface glabrous and only the midrib of the lower surface hairy; usually obscurely gland-dotted; dries brown or blackish (usually younger leaves) or infused with black (especially midrib and nerves); midrib broad, flattened, channelled towards base on upper surfaces, raised below; lateral nerves 8-10 pairs, patent or sometimes + oblique; finely reticulate-veined; petioles 0.8—1.7(—2.2) cm long (to 3 cm long in one collection), hatry or glabrous. Stipules 5~7 mm long, united to about middle and forming a short sheath, slightly truncate, or with ovate, cuspidate, prominently keeled lobes, dries pale brown with thin pale margins, glabrous, or hairy outside with fine long appressed hairs, and with dense long colleters on the inside (at base). Inflorescence bearing branchlets 4.0-14.5 cm long, covered with pale grey or brown flaky bark; inflores- cences 5.0—7.5 x 7.5—10.0.cm, laxly corymbose, usually dries infused with black or blackish, central branch with | or 2(3) internodes, these 35 5—15(—30) mm long, with or without reduced leaves atnodes; lateral branches with (6—-)11—20 mm long internode, and (7—)12—24-flowered corymbs; peduncles glabrous or sparsely hairy with straight, spreading, or slightly antrorsely curved or + appressed hairs; connate bracts broadly ovate, squat, + very thin, glabrous, or hairy with fine, shiny, white, dense appressed hairs on outside, and with dense long colleters on the inside (at base). Pedicels (4.5—)6.0-12.0 mim long (in fruit (9—)12—14 mm long), spread- ing to + appressed hairy or glabrous; calyx with slightly flared, indistinctly toothed, paler, + membranous limb, 1.5—2.5 x 1.5—2.0 mm, gla- brous or with dense, very fine, white, shiny, straight or slightly curved, spreading some- times reflexed, or + appressed hairs on the calyx tube and sparser hairs on the calyx limb; calyx lobes minute, 0.3-0.5 mm long, + triangu- lar or narrowly ovate to subulate, apiculate, keeled; corolla (obtuse in bud) mostly dries blackish or infused with black or pale, tube slightly dilated towards the mouth, 6-9(-11) mm long, about 1 mm wide at base and to 2.5 mm wide at top, glabrous outside, pilose at throat; corolla lobes one third to half the length of the tube, 4.5-6.0 x 1.5—2.0(—3.0) mm, ob- long-elliptic, obtuse, usually infused with black; anthers 4-6 mm long; filaments 0.5—2.0 mm long; styles 2~3 cm long, puberulous or gla- brous, stigma glabrous or pilose. Fruits 6.0-8.0 x 6.0-7.5 mm, glabrous; seeds subglobose, 4.0-7.0 x 5.0-7.5 mm. Diagnostic features: P. brownii may be distin- guished from related species by its broadly elliptic, elliptic-oblong or subobovate, usually obtuse or subacute, hairy or glabrous leaves, few pairs of usually patent lateral nerves, by its many-flowered corymbs, and by its dense straight, patent or + appressed hairs on the calyx tube, and also by its minute keeled calyx lobes. The leaves and inflorescence of this species tend to dry blackish in the herbarium. This species is extremely variable, espe- cially in leaf and inflorescence size, degree of hairiness, nature of hairs on the calyx tube and in the colour of dried leaves and inflorescences. Two varieties are distinguished as follows. _ HMM Ma MN LEASE SME oA EM es a A He MP ae eC a ra Ca tat a Er oe arm ae 36 Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Fig. 2. A. Pavetta granitica: A,. branchlet with flowers x 1. A,. part of inflorescence x 1. A,. calyx with pedicel x 4. A,. fruit x 4. A,. dorsal view of seed x 4. A,. ventral view of seed x 4, B. P. tenella: B,. branchlet with flowers x 0.6. B,. part of inflorescence x 2. B,. calyx with pedicel x 4. A, ,. unknowncollector (MEL 1553966). A, ,. Cumming 9603. B, ,. Forster 6082. Reynolds, Australian Pavetta 37 1. Leaves, branchlets and inflorescence hairy, the hairs on the leaves covering both surfaces or restricted to the midrib. .......... 0... eee var. brownil Leaves, branchlets and inflorescence glabrous, rarely with a few scattered hairs on inflorescence axes and calyx. .. 0.0... cee eee var. glabrata P. brownii Bremek. var. brownii P. brownii var pubescens Bremek. l.c. 125. Type: Carpentaria, December 1802, R. Brown 3449 p.p. (holo: K !; iso: BM !). (annotated by Bremekamp as type P. brownli var. pubescens, and by Brown as ‘Pavetta mollis’ ) P. brownii var. glabra Bremek. lI.c. 125. Type: Carpentaria, Dec 1802, R. Brown 3451 p.p. (holo: K !). P. insulana Bremek., Feddes Repert. 37: 124 (1934). Type: Queensland. Coox District: Thursday Island, Torres Strait, Jaheri 250b holo: L!). P. indica var. obovata Domin, Biblioth. Bot. 623 (1929). Type: North Australia: Carpentaria, R. Brown Iter Australiense, 1802-1805, Brown [3451, p.p.] als Ixora obovata Brown ms. (holo:K!; 1so:BM!, CANB!). | P. tomentosa auct. non Roxb. ex Smith: F. Muell., 1. c. 182: Bailey, 1. c. 245]. [Ixora tomentosa auct. non Roxb.: Benth., Lc. 414]. Distinguishing characters are as indicated in the key above. The leaves are hairy on both sur- faces, occasionally + glabrous with only the nerves and midrib hairy, but the inflorescence is mostly densely hairy. Fig. 1A. Representative specimens: Queensland and Northern Territory. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Dec 1802, Brown 3449 p.p. (BM, K, CANB) (specimens labelled Carpentaria, and annotated ‘Pavefta mollis’ or ‘Ixora obovata’ by Brown at K and BM, and labelled North Coast at CANB). Northern Territory. Bremer Island, NEArmhem Land, Nov 1986, Wightman 4827 & Jackson (DNA); Gove Peninsula, Port Bradshaw, Oct 1983, Wightman 750 (CANB, DNA); ditto, 3 km NE of Port Bradshaw, Feb 1988, Russell-Smith 4680 & Lucas (BRI); Groote Eylandt, Mamalimandja Point, Jul 1987, Russell-Smith 2803 & Lucas (DNA); E side of South East Island, Sir Edward Pellew Group, Feb 1976, Craven 3808 (CANB); SE of Calvert River mouth (16°26’S, 137°52’B), Jan 1989, Brock 432 (DNA); Donydji, Arnhem Land, Jun 1990, Dunlop 8666 & White (BRD; NE Arnhem Land, Garadandabol Bay (12°26’S, 136°18’E), Feb 1988, Russell-Smith 4760 & Lucas (BRI). Queensland. Cook Districr: Thursday Island, Jul 1974, Heatwole & Cameron 59 (QRS); ditto, May 1906, Tafes.n. (BRI); Badu Island, Jun 1979, Garnett 98 (BRI); Coen River, Nov 1802, Brown 3449 p.p. (BM); Pine River basin, southern end near mouth, Feb 1981, Morton 1112 (BRI, QRS); Weipa, Evan’s Landing road to Lake Patricia, Nov 1986, Jessup 821 (BRD; ditto, Lake McLeod (12°19’S, 141°51’E), Mar 1990, Forster PIF 6467 & O'Reilly (BRI); Silver Plains - Goanna Creek road, Nov 1956, Webb 3192 (BRI); Mapoon, May 1911, Bick 119 (BRD. Distribution and habitat: Northern Australia, from eastern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, along the Gulf of Carpentaria especially on offshore islands to Cape York Peninsula, Queensland; usually in coastal scrubs, on sand dunes. Map 2. Notes: P. browniti var. brownti consists of two or three rather distinct forms which differ espe- cially in the nature of hairs on the calyx, in the leaves and in the colour of dried leaves and inflorescences in the herbarium. However, these forms are not formally named here, because they are poorly known, poorly represented, or represented by inadequate material, and there- fore difficult to ascertain 1f their distinguishing features are consistent. The majority of specimens from Queens- land, viz Weipa, Mapoon, Silver Plains, and collections from eastern Arnhem Land, North- ern Territory, viz Gove Peninsula and Groote Bylandt, and also collections from along the Gulf of Carpentaria, are typical. They resemble Brown 3449 p.p. from Coen River, and some of the specimens of Brown 3449 p.p. from the islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, in their hairy leaves which dry brown or blackish or with blackish nerves, and patent straight hairs on the calyx tube. However, the majority of specimens from Northern Territory, especially those from offshore islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, differ in having slightly antrorsely curved to + << tt tt tw Wl el NNN OU Be mmm cement a Ba Kalan ie A ie TE ese Ose ee ee eS see ee eee eee ee et ee eee Mr ere i ae BB Bee Bo TAL aces 38 appressed hairs on the calyx tube, and are not unlike the remainder of specimens of Brown 3449 p.p. from the Gulf of Carpentaria. Speci- mens from Torres Strait islands previously known as P. insulana, though, have sparsely hairy leaves (usually with hairs only on the midrib of lower surfaces) which dry brownish with usually whitish nerves, have very fine, short, usually + appressed hairs on the calyx tube, and mostly shorter corolla tubes. Note: The two varieties recognised by Bremekamp (1934), viz P. brownii var. pubescens Bremek., and P. brownii var. glabra Bremek. are reduced under P. brownii var. brownii, because the types of these varietal combinations are of the same taxon as that of the typical variety (see typification). Specimens previously identified as P. brownii var. glabra are now included under P. brownii var. glabrata. P. brownii var. glabrata S.T. Reynolds var. noy. a P. brownit Bremek. var. brownii ramulis foluis pedunculis pedicellis calycibusque glabris vel glabratis differt. Typus:Queensland. Cook Drstrict: Dauan Island, Torres Strait, 10 Septem- ber 1971, M. Lawrie s.n.(holo : BRI (AQ3897)). Distinguishing characters are as indicated in the key above. This variety is poorly represented, it has elliptic or + obovate leaves which are broad, obtuse or + rounded at apex, and are usually shorter than in the typical variety. Specimens examined: Northern Territory. Gove Penin- sula, Jul 1987, Russell-Smith 2948, and Lucas (BRI). Queensland. Cook Distrricr: Dauan Island, Torres Strait, Sep 1971, Lawrie s.n. (BRD; Cape York, date unknown, Daemel s.n.(BM); Rex Lookout, Cook Highway (16°—’S, 145°—’B), Jan 1978, Winkel s.n. (BRD. Burke District: * Pisonia Island (island ‘e’), Dec 1802, Brown 3451 p.p. (BM); * Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Dec. 1802, Brown 3451 p.p. (BM, NSW (NSW 193879)). * ‘These specimens appear to be from the same collection. The specimens at BM are determined P. brownii var. glabra by Bremekamp in 1932 (the latter collection was annotated by him as type of this varietal name), and annotated by Brown as ‘ P. glabrata’ ms. The specimen at NSW (ex Herb. BM) is la- belled “Ixora obovata’ ms, North Coast (not Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) Brown’s handwriting), in addition to the BM label. Distribution and habitat: As in the typical variety. Map 3. Diagnostic features: P. brownii var. glabrata can be confused with some of the forms of of P. australiensis var. australiensis, but the latter may be distinguished by its generally thinner (usually very thin when dry), elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves with acuminate, acute or subobtuse apex, by its fewer lateral nerves (6-9(—12) pairs), and by its longer corolla tube ((7—)12-17 mm long). Etymology: The varietal epithet glabrata, from Latin glabratus = nearly glabrous, refers to the glabrous or nearly glabrous leaves and inflores- cences of this variety. Typification of P. brownit: There has been much confusion regarding specimens numbered Brown 3449 and 3451 which Bremekamp (1934) had nominated as types of the two varietal combinations under P. brownti Bremek. This is because similar looking specimens had been given different numbers, viz Brown 3449 or 3451, and also because the nominated type of P. brownit var. glabra Bremek. was found to be of the typical variety. The nominated type of P. brownii var. pubescens Bremek., viz Brown 3449 (K) from the Gulf of Carpentaria, is hairy and agrees with Bremekamp’s original description attached to the varietal name. It also matches specimens with the same number at BM. However, the nominated type of P. brownii var. glabra Bremek., viz Brown 3451 p.p. (K), also from the Gulf of Carpentaria, is hairy as well and does not agree with his protolog to the varietal name, nor does it match specimens of Brown 3451 at BM, which are glabrous or nearly so (i.e. glabrous or subglabrous leaves, and glabrous or hairy inflo- rescences). The nominated type of P. browntii var. glabra at K, however, matches the other dupli- cate of Brown 3451 at K which was cited by Bremekamp under P. brownti var. pubescens. It also matches Brown 3449 (K), the nominated type of P. brownti var. pubescens, and other Reynolds, Australian Pavetta specimens of Brown 3449 at BM including the collection from Coen River. Although in 1932 Bremekamp selected and annotated the BM sheets of Brown 3449 and 3451 as types of P. brownii and its varieties, in 1934 when he wrote up his revision, he nominated only the K sheets as types and did not cite any BMspecimens. He didnot formally cite a type for the name P. brownii although tn 1932 he annotated the specimen from Coen River, Brown 3449 at BM, as ‘type P. brownii’. This specimen is now selected as lectotype of this name. P. brownii var. pubescens Bremek. is here synonymised under P. brownti var. brownit, because the nominated type of P. brownii var. pubescens Bremek. Brown 3449 p.p. (K, BM) from Gulf of Carpentaria, is the same taxon as Brown 3449 (BM) from Coen River, which Bremekamp had in 1932 annotated as “type P. brownii’. Bremekamp (1934) also cited hairy taxa under the name P. brownii, and his inten- tions with regards to the typical variety are quite apparent. Because the nominated type of P. brownii var. glabra Bremek. is a hairy specimen which does not agree with Bremekamp’s protolog of P. brownii var. glabra, but agrees with the type of P. brownti var. brownti, the former name 1s here reduced to synonymy under the typical variety. Bremekamp did not cite any other specimen under P. brownii var. glabra. Speci- mens previously under that varietal name are now placed under P. browntt var. glabrata. The sheets at K and BM are not numbered, and in most cases several specimens, sometimes of different taxa, or from mixed gatherings, are mounted together on the same sheet. Therefore, detailed information on the labels attached to the specimens, including annotations made by Brown and Bremekamp, is reproduced here to identify the types. The exact collecting locali- ties of most of the specimens of Brown 3449 and 3451 are not known. Whether or not similar looking specimens mounted on the same sheet or on different sheets, came from the same collection is also not known. Most specimens or sheets of Brown 3449 and 3451 are labelled ‘Carpentaria’ or ‘islands of the Gulf of 39 Carpentaria’. A few specimens at BM have exact collecting locality details associated with them. Brown 3449 p.p. at BM is labelled ‘Coen River’, while others with the same number at BM and K are labelled ‘Carpentaria’ or ‘Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria’. Sheets or specimens of Brown 3451 at K (hairy specimens) are labelled “Carpentaria’, while others of Brown 3451 at BM (specimens with glabrous leaves with glabrous or hairy inflorescences) are la- belled ‘island e’ (Pisonia Island), or ‘insula varia (islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria), viz islands “f’ (one of the Bountiful Islands.), ‘o’ ( North East Island), ‘g’ (Vanderlin Island), ‘h’ (North Island, Sir Edward Pellew Group). Whether the specimens mounted on the one sheet, or on different sheets came from the one island or from different islands, or whether they came from a single or several collections, can- not be determined from the labels attached to these sheets. P. brownitand P. insulanacomplex: P. brownti Bremek. and P. insulana Bremek. are treated here as being conspecific because specimens which have been referred to either species re- semble each other especially in their general aspect, leaves, inflorescences, calyx lobes and length of corolla tubes. Consequently, difficul- ties were experienced in trying to delimit these Species. Bremekamp, who described both species (1934), used the number of internodes of the central branch of the inflorescence to distin- guish the species, but he saw only the type of P. insulana, and afew specimens of P. brownii. As more specimens became available, this distin- guishing character was found to be very vari- able and therefore unreliable to separate the two species. The types of both species names at first sight appear to be quite different. For example, type material of P. brownii Bremek. (flowering and fruiting specimens) have straight spreading or slightly antrorsely curved to + appressed hairs on the calyx tube, and leaves and inflores- cences usually dry blackish, whereas the type of P. insulana Bremek. (fruiting specimen) has very short + appressed hairs on the persistent calyx tube, and leaves which dry brownish. Naat FN At LE DEEL BENNO NOLAN NN A CEE EN NIN STEN GEE RM LANE MEN IEEE BOLE ENTE EY A0 However, intermediate forms of both these taxa are now known, and specimens from the type localities (Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait) were found to vary in the calyx hairs and in the colour of dried leaves, even 1n specimens col- lected from the same locality. The species are therefore treated here as being conspecific. Though the names are of equal date, P. insulana Bremek. is here synonymised under the more widely known P. brownii Bremek., which is treated here as a name applicable to a very variable species. 6. Pavetta rupicola 8.T. Reynolds sp. nov. primo adspectu P. brownii Bremek. et P. graniticae Bremek. persimilis; a P. brownii foliis plerumque angustioribus, nunquam siccitate nigrescentibus, petiolis pedicellisque brevioribus, et corollo tubo longiore (8-16 mm longo) differt; a P. graniticae propter pilos strictos patuios in foliis calycibusque et foltis plerumque latioribus ((1.5—)2.7—5.5 cm latis) haud aegre distinguitur. Typus: Queensland. BurkE District: Adel’s Grove via Camooweal, 17 February 1947, A. de Lestang 309 (holo: BRI). Shrubs to 2.5 m high; bark grey, flaky; young parts especially young leaves densely hairy; branchlets, leaves and inflorescence axes usu- ally densely hairy with slightly patent hairs. Leaves elliptic, + oblanceolate or subobovate, (5.5—)10.0-13.5 x (1.5-)2.7-5.5 cm, apex subacute or obtuse, base obtuse or subacute; +coriaceous; both surfaces finely hairy, upper ones with sparse fine hairs, lower ones usually densely hairy with fine, + erect white hairs; dries yellow-brown or pale brown with pale or dark nerves; lateral nerves 6-10 pairs, slightly ob- lique or arcuate; petioles 5-10 mm long, densely hairy. Stipules at tips of branchlets ovate or triangular with along acumen, others connate to above middle, forming a short sheath and with small subulate aristate lobes, or lobes ovate, cuspidate or long aristate, prominently keeled, densely hairy on the outside with shiny, white, + appressed hairs. Inflorescence bearing branchlets (1.5—)4.0-10.5 cm long, covered with very pale greyish white, thin, very flaky or stringy bark, inflorescences usually with con- tracted branches, laxly corymbose, 2.5-4.0 x 4.0-6.0 cm; central branch with one internode, Austrobaileya 4(1): 21-49 (1993) (3—)5~—7 mm long, reduced leaves usually per- sistent at nodes: lateral branches with 5—11 mm long internode, and 9~14-flower-ed corymbs; peduncles densely patent hairy; connate bracts broadly ovate, velvety outside. Pedicels 2-4 mm long (Gn fruits 3.0-6.5 mm long), densely patent hairy; calyx slightly flared at the limb and distinctly toothed, 2-3 mm long, calyx tube densely hairy with short straight patent hairs; calyx lobes 0.5—1.0 mm long, ovate, apiculate, keeled; corolla tube slender, dilated at throat, 8—16 mm long, about 1 mm wide at base and to 1.5 mm wide at top; corolla lobes (4-)6—7 x 2 mm, + elliptic, obtuse; anthers 4-5 mm long; styles 2.5—3.2 cm long, glabrous, stigma pilose. Fruits 6—7 x 7-8 mm; seeds subglobose, about 4x4mm. Specimens examined; * Northern Territory, Mittiebah Station (18°40’S, 137°15’E), rocky surrounds of Mitchiebo waterhole, Mar 1981, Henshall 3462 (DNA); Border Creek area (18°19’S, 138°00’E), Jan 1989, Russell-Smith 6944 & Lucas (DNA), Queensland. Burxe District: Lawn Hill National Park, May 1989, O’ Keefe s.n. (BRD; Adel’s Grove via Camooweal, date unknown de Lestang 405 (BRI); Magazine Hill, 9.75 km N of Silver Star Mine (18°40’S, 138°30’E), Apr 1971, Jones s.n. (BRD; 9 miles (14.4 km) S of Riversleigh Station, Jun 1948, Perry 1448 (BRI); Lake Corella, Mary Kathieen, Jan 1958, Lavery 118 (BRI, CANB); Head of Brown’s Creek (20°59’S, 139°25’B), Aug 1989, Innis 142 (BRD. * Northern Territory specimens (fruiting) are tentatively included here because the leaves approach those of this species. Flowering mate- rial needs to be seen to be certain. Distribution and habitat: Northwest Queens- land to Barkly Tableland, Northern Territory; usually inrocky areas (rocky outcrops, hillsides and gorges). Map 5. Diagnostic features: P. rupicolais distinguish- able by its usually narrow, hairy, shortly petioled leaves, hairy inflorescences, and by its dense spreading white hairs of the calyx and pedicels. Affinities: P. rupicola is at first sight very similar to P. brownti Bremek. and P. granitica Bremek., but differs from the former by its usually narrower leaves which dry pale or dark brown, shorter petioles and pedicels, and usu- ally longer corolla tubes. It can be distinguished without difficulty from P. granitica by its usu- ally broader leaves ((1.5—)2.7—5.5 cm wide), and straight spreading hairs on the calyx tube. Reynolds, Australian Pavetta Etymology: The specific epithet rupicola, from Latin rupes =rock, -cola = dweller, refers to the rocky habitat where this species usually grows. 7. Pavetta tenella S.T. Reynolds sp. nov. P. moluccanae Bremek. aemulans differt folius plerumque grandioribus latioribus, petiolis pedicellisque longioribus et plerumaue pilis patentibus in calycibus. Typus: Northern Territory. Melville Is- land, Takamprimili Creek, Pickertarmoor, (11°45’S, 130°53’B), 24 Nov 1989, P.J. Forster 6082 (holo: BRT; iso: BRD). Shrubs or small trees 3-8 m high, bark light orey, fairly smooth; young parts especially young leaves, usually densely white hairy. Leaves el- liptic, usually abruptly narrow at both ends, (12.0-)17.0-24.5 x ( 4.7—-)5.5-10.0 cm, apex obtuse or abruptly shortly acuminate, base ob- tuse usually abruptly attenuate into the long petiole, or subacute; texture thin to+coriaceous; both surfaces sparsely hairy, or upper ones soon glabrous or with a few hairs on the midrib only; lower ones with sparse, fine, short, + erect hairs, or hairy only on the midrib; usually dries pale brown or pale olive-brown, very rarely infused with black; midrib prominent, broadly chan- nelled towards the base on upper surface; lateral nerves 9-12 pairs, slender, slightly oblique or + patent; reticulate venation very fine; petioles (1.6-)2.7-4.0 cm. Stipules connate to above middle and forming a short sheath, lobes broadly ovate, long cuspidate, prominently keeled, densely sericeous on the outside with usually short hairs or subglabrous, and with fine long colleters inside (at base). Inflorescence bearing branchlets (4.0-)6.5-18.5 cm long, covered with smooth, flaky, grey to brownish bark; inflorescences usually clustered at tips of long branchlets, 4.5—10.0 x 6.0-8.0 cm, usually very open with long branches, laxly corymbose, dries very pale brown, rarely blackish; central branch with 1 or 2 internodes, these (5—)8—27 mm long, reduced leaves often persistent at the nodes; lateral branches with 1, or rarely 2 internodes, these (6—)20-40 mm long; corymbs (lateral branch) 14—-37-flowered; peduncles sparsely hairy with short, patent or sometimes + appressed hairs; connate bracts 7-11 x 8-14 mm, ovate, dries very pale brown, + membranous, usually densely sericeous on the outside, and with long 4] fine colleters inside (at base). Pedicels (8-)10-—13 mm long (in fruit (10-)12—15 mm long), slen- der, densely patent hairy (hairsrarely appressed); calyx 2.0-2.5 mm long, calyx tube densely hairy with very fine, short, straight, spreading or occasionally appressed hairs, limb about one third the length of the tube, wider than tube, sparsely hairy, distinctly toothed; calyx lobes Q.75—1.0 x 1.0 mm, ovate; corolla tube slender, dilated towards throat, (8—)10-13 mm long, about 1.5 wide at base, 2 mm wide at the top, glabrous outside, pilose at throat; corolla lobes 5.5-6.5 «x 2.0-3.0 mm, + elliptic, obtuse or abruptly acute and apiculate; anthers 5.5—6.0 mm long; styles 2.7—3.3 cm long, glabrous or pilose towards the apex. Fruits5 .0-6.5 x4.5—7.0 mm; seeds subglobose, 4.0-4.5 x 4-5 mm. Fig. 2B. Representative specimens: Northern Territory. Melville Island, Jump-up Jungle, Nov 1983, Wightman 946 & Dunlop (CANB, DNA); ditto, Pickertarmoor, Nov 1989, Russell-Smith 8137 & Peth(BRI, DNA); *6kmS Brogden Point, Murgenella (1 1°34’S, 133°04’B), Mar 1987, Russell- Smith 1990 & Lucas (DNA); * 3 km N of Magela Creek Crossing, Kakadu National Park (12°33’S, 132°34’B), Jan 1984, Russell-Smith 1001 (DNA) Distribution and habitat: Melville Island and * along the north coast of Arnhem Land, North- ern Territory; at edge of rainforests and in vine thickets along the coast, along springs and creeks, and on sandstone. Map 4. Note: Collections from the Australian main- land marked * are tentatively included here, because, although the specimens are in young fruit or sterile, the leaves on them resemble those from Melvilie Island. Other unplaced collections from surrounding areas (including Pavetta sp. 1 from Cannon Hill, Northern Ter- ritory), are also probably of this taxon, but the specimens available for study are either incom- plete or sterile, making their placement unsure. Diagnostic features: P. tenella may be distin- guished, by itsusually large, mostly subglabrous, thin, elliptic leaves which are abruptly narrow at both ends, long petioles, and by its usually delicate looking inflorescences with long slen- der branches and + filiform pedicels, and also by its very short straight spreading (occasionally appressed), very fine, whitish or very pale yel- lowish hairs on the calyx and pedicels. SRP RS AS ST HE BOT lateral view x20. D. lower glume pikelet, w. G. palea, front view and one lodicule at base. H. flower. front vie Hig. 2. Sporobolus disjunctus: A. habitx0.5. B. , front view. F. lemma, D-H x 40. All drawn from Adams 1060 (isotype, BRI). front view. E. upper glume Simon, Grasses 7 Distribution and habitat: On the basis of exist- ing collections §. disjunctus has rather a dis- junct distribution with a few collections from northern and central Queensland and others from areas near the Queensland-New South Wales border (Map 1). It is restricted to black cracking clay soils. Conservation status: 3K (Briggs & Leigh 1988). Etymology: Named for the disjunct nature of the inflorescence branches. Notes: S. disjunctus differs from S. indicus by the interrupted nature of the inflorescence branches (as opposed to the + uninterrupted inflorescence in S. indicus), by the longer glumes and the one-nerved lower glume (nerveless in S. indicus). A second floret is sometimes devel- oped in the spikelets of S. disjunctus, a situation also reported for other species of Sporobolus e.g. 8. mitchellii (Trin.) C.E. Hubb. ex s.T. Blake with its occasional second floret (Clayton & Renvoize 1986) and S. subtilis Kunth with its rachilla process, indicating areduction from the two floret condition. Other species of Sporobolus reported as having more than one floret, have been transferred to other genera (Baaijens & Veldkamp 1991). The genus Sporobolus, apart from it possessing spikelets with a single floret, is very close to Eragrostis (Phillips 1982) and the tribe Sporoboleae or subtribe Sporobolinae, setup to accommodate this single floret charac- ter state, 1s really an artificial grouping. The Australian endemic genus Thellungia (Hubbard 1933; Probst 1920; Stapf 1920)) has been placed in Eragrostis (Phillips 1982) on the basis of it having spikelets with 2 or3 florets. However it has one-nerved lemmas as in all other species of Sporobolus and looks remarkably similar to S. disjunctus. Jacobs (1987) has drawn attention to the lack of agreement of generic circumscrip- tion of some chloridoid genera, including the distinction of Sporobolus and Thellungia from Eragrostis. Sporobolus pamelae B.K. Simon, sp. nov. S. myriantho Benth. affinis sed glumis superis cum apicibus obtusis (sine apicibus acuminatis), spiculis longioribus, differt. Typus. Queensland, SourH KENNepy Dis- TRICT: Cattle Creek moundspring, 3 km S 61 of Doongmabulla Station, 22°05’39" S, 146°14’23"E, 1 Apr 1992, EJ. Thompson GAL 001 & B.K. Simon (holo: BRI; iso: AD, B, BRI, CANB, K, L, MEL, MO, NSW, PRE). Plants perennial with culms erect, 80-120 cm tall, unbranched, 2—4-noded. Nodes glabrous. Internodes glabrous, longer than the associated leaf sheaths. Leaves glabrous; sheaths rounded on the back; ligule a fringe of hairs c. 0.5 mm long; blades 14-35 cm x 1-1.5 mm, involute, filiform, tapering to a narrow apex, attenuate at the base. Inflorescence 25—40 x 3-12 cm, open, fully exserted at maturity. Primary branches to 15 cm long, not appressed to main axis, as long as or longer than adjacent internodes, with spreading secondary branches, with spikelets loosely spaced, only the lowest branch slightly whorled. Spikelets 2.5-3 x 0.6-1 mm, evenly distributed along the length of the branch, lan- ceolate, pedicelled, 1-flowered; pedicels 4-12 mm long, very slightly scabrous, flexuous. Lower plume c. 1.5 mm long, triangular, nerveless, membranous, glabrous, obtuse. Upper glume c. 3 mm long, at least half spikelet length, faintly l-nerved, rounded on the back, obtuse, gla- brous. Lemma 2.5—3 x | mm, linear-lanceolate, not keeled, membranous, obscurely 3-nerved, truncate. Palea 3-3.2 mm long, with a longitu- dinal groove, membranous, obtuse. Lodicules c. 0.4 mm long. Anthers 3, c. 2 mm long. Grain not seen. Fig. 3. Distribution and habitat: S. pamelae is only represented by the type specimen collected at Doongmabulla Station (Map 1). It grows in an interesting ecological habitat known as a moundspring. It was the dominant species in the vegetation here (Fig. 4), which includes several other and possibly new species of flowering plants. These mounds and accompanying veg- etation, developed by the springs of the Great Artesian Basin, are well known and documented (Habermehl 1982; Ponder 1986). Conservation status: 1K (Briggs & Leigh 1988). ktymology: This very attractive grass is named for my wife, Pam, who has endured my many absences from home on agrostological pur- suits. a Pena kaa Revert hel Riel Erercitseckertccccra hie ec tn tt ah ee th date eA A ECE tt Ll netabenananacenenaenteneecseaien et | menentenon mamma mcm ci (et en cA ORR NA et LY EL I EE at " 62 Austrobatleya 4(1): 57-66 (1993) * i a Po er a we ee Te “"% la tt, ae arene - ie sl ' a ae + & ae a OT ‘odes te A at apse et fume ana Hote eres Met wlteatlot w es E ahahamaal onl i peer vm | \ Pe i alll + ona: eV ie a gS ot ae oe 0 HO rg ntl ro | are Mal ae AIRE gm ae se se pe hd nla Malo tt Fig. 3. Sporobolus pamelae: A. habit x 0.5. B. spikelet, lateral view x 10. C. lower glume, front view and pedicel. D. upper glume, front view. E. lemma, front view. F. palea, back view. G. palea, front view. H. pistil and stamens. C—H x 20. All drawn from Thompson GAL 001 & Simon (holotype, BRD. Simon, Grasses 7 63 Fig. 4, Sporobolus partimpatens: A. habit x 0.5. B. spikelet, lateral view x 15. C, lower glume, back view. D. upper glume, back view. E. lemma, back view. F. palea, front view. G. split palea. H. grain. C-H x30, All drawn from Thompson GAL 002 & Simon (holotype, BRI). 64 Notes: S. pamelae is quite unlike any other Australian species of Sporobolus and thus far is only represented by the type. In my attempt to discover a species with which to compare it for a diagnosis, I keyed it out in “Flora of Tropical East Africa’ (Clayton 1974) to S. myrianthus Benth. It certainly shows a remarkable resem- blance to the one specimen of that species in BRI, differing in having larger spikelets (2.5—3 mm long in S. pamelae, c. 2 mm long in S. myrianthus), the apex of the upper glume being obtuse (not abruptly acuminate or mucronate) and the base of the plant having more robust roots. Both species have indurated basal leaf sheaths. Sporobolus partimpatens R. Mills ex B.K. Simon, sp. nov. S$. actinoclado Domin affinis sed glumis superis multo long- ioribus (aequans spiculam) et paniculis apertis tantum ad basim, differt. Typus. Queensland. SourH KENNEDY DIsTRICT: sandy flat adjacent to Cattle Creek, 3 km S of Doongmabulla Station, 22°05’39"S, 146°14’23"E, 1 Apr 1992, E./. Thompson GAL 002 & B.K. Simon (holo: BRI; 1so: AD, BRI, CANB, K, L, NSW). Plants perennial. Culms erect, to 60 cm tall, sparingly branched, 3—5-noded. Nodes glabrous. Internodes glabrous, longer than the associated leaf sheaths. Sheaths glabrous, with non-ciliate margins. Ligule a fringed membrane, 0.7—0.9 mm long. Leaf blades 1.5-12 cm x 40 mm, glabrous or occasionally withlong slender hairs. Inflorescence a panicle, spicate to semi-spicate, fully exserted at maturity with main axis smooth, glabrous, ridged with elevated resinous lines. Primary branches c. 2.5 cm long, appressed to the main axis in the upper part, whorled at the lowermost inflorescence node. Spikelets 2—2.5 x 0.7-0.9 mm, sessile and pedicelled, pedicels to 2 mm long. Lower glume 0.8—1 mm long, membranous. Upper glume 2—2.5 mm long, +as long as spikelet, acute. Lemma 2—2.5 x 0.7-0.9 mm, the surface appressedly pilosulose in upper part, acute. Palea slightly shorter than lemma. Anthers 3, 0.8—0.9 mm long. Grain ovoid, asym- metrical, compressed in transverse section, c. 1.1 mm x 0.6 mm. Fig. 5. Specimens examined: Queensland. Mircuett District: § of Lake Mueller, Jun 1977, McDonald 2671 (BRI); Lake Austrobaileya 4(1): 57-66 (1993) Mueller area, 29 km NE of Aramac, May 1979, McDonald 2907 (BRD; 28 km E of Barcaldine on road to Jericho, Jul 1975, Beeston 1397C (BRI). Locairy UNKNown: K. Domin 1435, PR (PR 524659 (photo, BRI)). Distribution and habitat: Thus far S. partimpatens has been collected from three known areas of Queensland, one east of Barcaldine, one around the Lake Mueller area between Barcaldine and Aramac and another adjacent to the “moundspring’ locality of Sporobolus pamelae on Cattle Creek, Doong- mabulla Station (Map 1). It grows on alluvial soils and claypans sometimes with associated open hummock grassland of Triodia longiceps. Conservation status: 2K (Briggs & Leigh 1988). Etymology: The epithet translates as ‘partly spreading’, probably referring to the divaricate basal branches of the inflorescence. Notes: There is also a collection of this species by K. Domin in PR from an unknown locality and with the date of collection unknown, but presumably from Queensland. Acknowledgements Textend my thanks to Will Smith for the ilustra- tions, to Peter Bostock for the preparation of the map using the computer program MapInfo, to the curators of AD, CANB, K, NSW, PERTH and PR for the loan of herbarium material, to the Australian Biological Resources Study for a grant to undertake studies on Sporobolus and to John Thompson for the very enjoyable field trip to the ‘Desert Uplands’ and for the photographs. References BAAUENS, G.J. & VELDKAMP, J.F. (1991). Sporobolus (Gramineae) in Malesia. Blumea 35: 393-458. Brices, J.D. & Leicy, J.H. (1988). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants, 1988 Revised Edition. Austral- ian National Parks and Wildlife Service Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Crayton, W.D. (1974). Sporobolus. In W.D. Clayton, S.M. Phillips, & S.A. Renvoize, Flora of Tropical East Africa, Gramineae 2: 383. HEBERMEHL, M.A. (1982), Springs in the Great Artesian Basin, Australia — their origin and nature, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Report 235, 50 pp. imon, Grasses 7 i Sates Eamets? : : Se : epic eae fee pees a fee aera ratrett ahaa es Rocternteteep tare ee TiS ee eee et ra te edipeeenaahe: ie 5 an - tee pe er aape ies oar oe re a REM ick "Fak t Fig. 5. A. pressing type specimen of Sporobolus pamelae, the prominent grass cover in the background, Cattle Creek moundspring, Doongmabulla Station. B. pressing type specimen of Sporobolus partimpatens from its habitat on sandy flat adjacent to Cattle Creek moundspring, Doongmabulla Station. Sporobolus pamelae zone in background. Photographs by John Thompson. Paans 66 | S. blakei || S. disjunctus S. partimpatens ¢ ye , * S. pamelae if Austrobaileya 4(1): 57-66 (1993) * j = a | % oft 3 Wah “%, ce aor OO ’ \ Map 1. Distribution of Sporobolus blakei, S. disjunctus, S. partimpatens and S. pamelae. HussBarb, C.E. (1933). Thellungia advena Stapf. Hooker's Icones Plantarum 3184: 1-3. Jacoss, S.W.L. (1987). Systematics of the chloridoid grasses. In T.R. Soderstrom, K.W. Hilu, C.S. Campbell & M.E. Barkworth (eds), Grass systemat- ics and evolution.Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press . Jessop, J. (ed.) (1981). Flora of Central Australia, Sydney: A.H, & A.W. Reed. Potties, S.M. (1982). A numerical analysis of the Eragrostideae, Kew Bulletin 37:133—162, Ponper. W.F. (1986). Mound Springs of the Great Artesian Basin. In P. De Decker & W.D. Williams (eds), Limnology in Australia. Melbourne: CSIRO & Dordrecht: W. Junk. ProssT, R. (1920). Zweiter Beitrag zur Adventiv und Ruderalflora von Solothurn und Umgebung. Mittlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn 18: 17. Stapp, O. (1920), Thellungia, anew genus of Gramineae. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1920: 98, Conspectus of Cryptolepis RK. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Periplocoideae) in Malesia! Paul I. Forster Summary Forster Paul I. (1993). Conspectus of Cryptolepis R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Periplocoideae) in Malesia. Austrobaileya 4(1): 67-73. The genus Crypfolepis R. Br. comprises seven species in Malesia, The taxonomic status of the genus Phyllanthera Blume ts assessed and it is reduced to subgeneric status under Cryptolepis containing those species that lack lobes in the corolla throat, New combinations are made in Cryptolepis for Phyllanthera bifida Blume and P, perakensis Gamble and the latter is lectotypified. Cryptolepis in Malesia comprises C. bifida (Blume) P.I. Forster, C. lancifolia P.I. Forster, C. javanica (Blume) Blume, C. multinervosa P.I. Forster sp. nov., C. nymanit UK. Schum.) P.I. Forster, C. papillata P.L. Forster and C. perakensis (Gamble) P.I. Forster. A key to these taxa is provided. Key words: Asclepiadaceae; Cryptolepis — Malesia, Cryptolepis bifida, Cryptolepis multinervosa, Cryptolepis perakensts. Paul I. Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Old 4068, Australia Introduction The status of several genera in the Periplocoideae allied to Cryptolepis Blume has previously been reviewed and several reduced to synonymy of that genus (Forster 1990). Discovery of still further undescribed specific taxa in the group (Forster 1991 and subsequent research), has prompted an examination of the status of Phyllanthera Blume. Phyllanthera has had two species referred to it, the type species P, bifida Blume from Java (Blume 1826, 1849) and the Malesian P. perakensis Gamble (King & Gamble 1907). Both species are woody lianes and have flowers with rotate, densely papillate corollas without free lobes in the throat or any sort of corolline corona. Although Blume (1849) depicted P. bifida with an urceolate corolla, this plate was evidently drawn from budding material, as ma- ture flowers are typically rotate. Both of these taxa are very closely allied to Cryptolepis papillata P.I. Forster and C. multinervosa P.1. Forster, but differ in leaf venation and shape, and the size and shape of the various floral parts. ‘Christensen Research Institute Contribution No. 84. Accepted for publication [7 February 1993 I have previously advocated a broad cir- cumscription of Cryptolepis (Forster 1990) wherein the corolla may or may not have dis- crete lobes 1n the tube, and various forms of a corolline corona may be present. Both species of Phyllanthera fall within this circumscription and require transfer to Cryptolepis as effected in this paper. Those species of Cryptolepis that lack discrete corolline coronal lobes in the corolla throat are recognised as belonging to Cryptolepis subgenus Phyllanthera (Blume) PL. Forster. Materials and methods This study is based on herbarium collections at A, BO, BRI, BSIP, K, L, LAE, CANB, NY and SING. Descriptions of species listed, but not described in this paper can be found in Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1965) and Forster (1990, 1991). Taxonomic treatment Cryptolepis R. Br., Asclepiadeae 58 (1810). Type: Cryptolepis buchananii Roemer & Schultes R. Br., Mem. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1: 69 (1811); Benth. in Benth. & J.D. Hook., Gen. pl. 2: 740 (1876); J.D. Hook., FI. Brit. India 4: 5—6 (1885); Bruce, Kew Bull. 1946: 46-48 (1946); Bullock, Kew 68 Bull. 1955: 279-282 (1955); Backer & Bakhuizen van den Brink, Fl. Java 3: 250 (1965); Ali, Fl. Pakistan 150: 54-55 (1981); P.L. Forster, Austrobaileya 3: 274 (1990). Phyllanthera Blume, Bijdr. 1048 (1826), syn, nov. Type: Phyllanthera bifida Blume Decnein DC., Prodr. 8: 497 (1844); Blume, Mus. bot. 1: 125—126 (1850); K. Schum., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 4(2): 212 (1895). Leposma Blume, Biydr. 1049 (1826). Type: Leposma javanica Blume Lepistoma Blume, FI. Javae 7 (1828), nom. illeg. Type: Leposma javanica Blume (= Lepistoma javanica (Blume) Blume). Decne in DC., Prodr, 8: 497 (1844). Ectadiopsis Benth. in Benth. & J.D. Hook., Gen. pl. 2: 741 (1876). Type: Ectadium oblongifolium Meisn. (= Ectadiopsis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schitr.), Gide Bul- lock 1955). Bullock, Kew Bull. 1955: 267-279 (1955). Gymnolaema Benth. in Benth. & J.D. Hook., Gen. pl. 2: 740 (1876). Type: Gymno- laema newii Benth. N.E. Br. in Dyer, FI. trop. Afr. 4(1): 241 (1902). Batesanthus N.E. Br. in J.D. Hook., Icon. pl. t. 2500 (1896). Type: Batesanthus purpureus N.E. Br. N.E. Br. in Dyer, Fl. trop. Afr. 4(1): 2593-254 (1902). Austrobaileya 4(1): 67-73 (1993) Stomatostemma N.E, Br. tn Dyer, FI. trop. Afr, 4(1): 252 (1902). Type: Cryptolepis montetroae N.E. Br. (= Stomatostemma montetroae (Oliver) N.E. Br.) Streptomanes K. Schum. in K. Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtrage Fl. Schutzgeb. Stidsee 352 (1905). Type: S. nymanii K. Schum. Perennial shrubs, lianes or scramblers with white latex, usually glabrous; indumentum sparse if present. Leaves petiolate; lamina linear-lan- ceolate, lanceolate, ovate, elliptic or oblong; petiole grooved; colleters absent at lamina base. Inflorescence a much branched extra-axillary cyme bearing 1—many fascicles of 1—many flow- ers. Sepals usually with basal colleters. Corolla salverform, campanulate or rotate; tube cylin- dric-urceolate; lobes dextrorse in bud, patent at anthesis. Corolline corona comprised of 5 free lobes opposite the sinuses of adjacent petals or at the top of the corolla tube, or a collar around the filament bases or an annulus on the corolla tube. Staminal corona absent. Stamens 5, in- serted slightly above the base of the corolla tube, alternate with the corolla lobes, connate or closely adnate at base but free for most of length. Anthers dehiscing longitudinally, with apical appendages which are sometimes elon- gated and twisted together. Translators spathulate. Pollen granular, organised in tetrads and loosely cohering into masses appressed against the broadened upper ends of the transla- tors. Ovaries free, glabrous. Style-head coni- cal, pentagonal in transverse section. Follicle widely divaricate, fusiform to fusiform-ovoid, smooth; seeds comose. 10-20 species in Africa, Asia, Malesia and Australia. Key to Subgenera Cryptolepis subgenus Cryptolepis stérgtte sesh Cryptolepis subgenus Phyllanthera Forster, Cryptolepis in Malesia 69 Key to Malesian species of Cryptolepis 1. Corolla with 5 small rounded lobes in throat ............. 00.0.0 .0000- . 1. C. javanica Corolla without rounded lobes in throat... 0... ce cece ee een eas 2 2. Leaf lamina linear to linear-lanceolate ..... Leaf lamina otherwise ............0..00. 3. Corolla lobes not papillate .............. Clap Lea OOS VIEL ALC: 5 2cu.8s devas tase ten. 7 ager t Al yienvas esate AG Beas enads ahh deme yrenere: pleat ee Randy 4 4. Secondary veins 13-15 per side of midrib in leaf lamina............... 4. C. perakensis Secondary veins 22—38 per side of midrib in leaf lamina........... Fe ARM Spe Dus ere oe! 5 5. Secondary veins 22~25 per side of midrib in leaf lamina................... 2. C. bifida Secondary veins 27—38 per side of midrib in leaf lamina.......... 0.0.0.0... 0.0 cae 6 6, Secondary veins 27-30 per side of midrib in leaf lamina................ 6. C. papillata Secondary veins 34-38 per side of midrib in leaf lamina............. 3. C. multinervosa Cryptolepis subgenus Cryptolepis Corolla with discrete lobes in throat. 1. Cryptolepis javanica (Blume) Blume, Mus. bot. 2: 146 (1850); Leposma javanica Blume, Bijdr. 1049 (1826); Lepistoma javanica (Blume) Blume, Fl. Javae 7 (1828). Type: Java, Kalkrotsen, Koeripan, Blume (holo: L! (L898166-149); 1so: BO! (BO109443)). Description: see Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1965). Cryptolepis subgenus Phyllanthera (Blume) P.I. Forster, comb. et stat. nov. Phyllanthera Blume, Bijdr. 1048 (1826). Type: Phyllanthera bifida Blume. Corolla without lobes in throat. 2. Cryptolepis bifida (Blume) P.I. Forster, comb. nov. Phyllanthera bifida Blume, Bidr. 1048 (1826). Type: Java, Salak, Blume 1837 (holo: L! G.898169-170); 1so: BO! (BO112471)). Blume, Mus. bot. 1: 126, t. 22 (1849); Back. & Bakh.tf., Fl. Java 3: 248 (1965). Description: see Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1965). Specimens examined: Java. WSW of Buitenzorg, forest complex Nanggseng, Mt Menapa, Dec 1940, van Steenis 17350 (BO); Mt Megamendoeng, E of Buitenzorg, Dec 1940, de Voogd (BO112467); Res. Praenger, Jan 1910, Winckel 258 (BO); ditto, Sep 1917, Winckel 9998 (BO); Res, Preanger, Tjadas Malang, Apr 1918, Winckel 1288 (BO); ditto, Mar 1923, Winckel 13158 (BO); ditto, Apr 1923, Winckel 12508 (BO); Galseyon Gebeyte, Nov 1910, Docters van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan 3051 (BO). Distribution: C. bifida appears to be restricted to Java and has apparently not been collected since 1940, Notes: Van Steenis (1954) recorded Phyllanthera bifida as a new record from New Guinea based on Docters van Leeuwen 10432 (BO) from the Rouffaer River in Irian Jaya. This collection has leaves and fruit only on the BO sheet, and leaves and one bud on the K sheet. I doubt whether the specimen is conspecific with the type of Phyllanthera bifida as the former has more prominent secondary venation in the leaf lamina. Until flowering material of the Rouffaer River plant can be collected, it should be con- sidered to be of uncertain status and Cryptolepis bifida regarded as occurring in Malesia west of New Guinea. te et he 70 3. Cryptolepis multinervosa P.I. Forster sp. nov. Cryptolepi papillatae P.I. Forster affinis a qua lamina folii nervis utroque costae latere 34-38, lobis corollae lanceolatis 13-14 mm longis 2,5—-3 mm latis. Typus: Papua New Guinea, SouTH- ERN HIGHLANDS PROVINCE: near Waro air- strip, 20 km SSW of Kutubu, 6°31’S, 143°10’E, 14 October 1973, M. Jacobs 9287 (holo: L! (2 sheets); iso: CANBI!, LAE}). Woody liane; latex colour unknown. Stems cylindrical, up to several m long, glabrous when young, lenticellate when old; internodes up to 110 mm long and 3 mm diameter. Leaves petiolate; lamina lanceolate-ovate to elliptic- oblong, up to 110 mm long and 30 mm wide, discolorous, glabrous; upper surface dark green, venation obscure; lower surface pale green, secondary veins 34—38 per side and at 90° to midrib, tertiary venation reticulate but barely visible; tip long acuminate; base truncate to rounded; petiole 5—8 mm long, c. 1 mm diam- eter, grooved along top, glabrous. Cymes 40-60 mm long, with 1—-several fascicles of flowers; peduncle 5~7 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diameter, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 0.8—1.2 mm long, 0.30.4 mm wide, glabrous. Flowers c. 2 mm long and 30 mm diameter; pedicels 8-11 mm long and c. 0.3 mm diameter, glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, 1.4—1.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm wide, glabrous. Corolla primarily yellow; tube much reduced, corolline corona absent; lobes lanceo- late, 13-14 mm long, 2.5—3 mm wide, with purple-red blotch in centre, and covered in dense papillae to 1 mm long. Gynostegium c. 1.5 mm long and 1.5 mm diameter; filaments c. 0.5 mm long, 0.4 mm diameter at base and 0.2 mm diameter at top; anthers c. 0.7 mm long and 0.6mm diameter, with an oblong, acute append- age c. 0.5 mm long. Style-head c. 0.7 mm diameter; stalk c. 0.7 mm long. Translators not seen. Fruit and seed not seen. Fig. 1. Specimens examined: Papua New Guinea. SoutHEeRN HIGHLANDS Province: Tage, Lake Kutubu, Aug 1977, Conn & Kairo 482 (A, CANB, K). Distribution and habitat: Known only from the vicinity of Lake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea. Plants grow in seasonally flooded primary for- Austrobaileya 4(1): 67-73 (1993) est dominated by Araucaria and Nothofagus, on limestone. Notes: C. multinervosa 1s closely allied to C. papillata but differs most noticeably in the higher number of secondary lateral veins in the leaf and the lanceolate corolla lobes. Etymology: The specific epithet multinervosa alludes to the high number of secondary veins per side of the midrib of the leaf in this species in comparison to those in other Malesian spe- cles, 4. Cryptolepis perakensis (Gamble) P.I. Forster, comb. nov. Phyllanthera perakensis Gamble in King & Gamble, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 74: 508 (1907). Type: Malaysia: Perak, Larut, February 1885, King’s Collector 73 14 (lecto (here desig- nated): K (photo at BRI!); isolecto: BM (photo at BRI!); Perak, Larut, August I881, Dr King’s Collector 2181 (lectopara: K (photo at BRI!)). Woody liane; latex colour unknown. Stems up to several m long, cylindrical to somewhat ridged, glabrous when young, lenticellate with age; internodes up to 140 mm long and 2 mm diameter. Leaves petiolate; lamina elliptic to elliptic-oblong, up to 90 mm long and 40 mm diameter, discolorous, glabrous; upper surface dark green, venation obscure; lower surface pale green, secondary veins 13~—15 per side of midrib, tertiary venation obscure; tip long acu- minate; base cuneate; petiole 6-9 mm long, 0.81 mm diameter, glabrous, grooved along top. Cymes up to 20 mm long, 1-several somewhat racemiform fascicles of flowers; pe- duncle 6—7 mm long, c. 0.3 mm diameter, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 1-1.2 mm long, 0.8—-1 mm wide, glabrous. Flowers c. 5 mm long, 14-15 mm diameter; pedicels 7-10 mm long, c. 0.4 mm diameter, glabrous. Sepals lanceolate, c. 1.5 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, with sparse trichomes. Corolla rotate, brown- yellow; tube absent, corolline corona absent: lobes lanceolate, 8-9 mm long, c. 5 mm wide, above with sparse papillae to 0.5 mm long, below with shorter scattered papillae. Gynostegium c. 2.1 mm long and 2.4 mm diam- eter; filaments c. 1.5 mm long and 0.3 mm Forster, Cryptolepis in Malesia 71 1 * gal 4% ahh oN S EE sabes vas! ny We Fd ae ee eek ae il ‘ate ~s W.A.OMITH Fig. 1. Cryptolepis multinervosa P.I. Forster: A. leaf x 1. B. node with inflorescence x 1. C. bud x 3. D. flower x3. E. side view of gynostegium x 5. F, anthers viewed externally x 15. G. anther viewed from top x 15. H. papillate corolla surface x 15. All from material of the holotype. Del. W. Smith. ha TRH Yaa EVRA HMMM cy 4 et PPD ISEC Be MAA Pt WL YS AYE Ea YY i PE rN aN ee Te ERE LE LER PSL 12 diameter; anthers 1-1.1 mm long, c. 0.8 mm wide at base; appendage lanceolate and c. 0.5 mm long. Style head c. 1 mm long and 1.3 mm diameter; stalk c. 1.5 mm long and 0.6 mm diameter. Translators c. 1.2 mmlong; viscidium c.0.3 mm long and 0.3 mm wide; stipec. 0.5 mm long; pollen carrier 0.3—-0.4 mm long, 0.6—0.7 mm wide. Pollen in spherical tetrads, 0.30.32 mm diameter. Fruit and seeds not seen. Specimens examined: Indonesia. Sumatera: Tanang Taloe, Jul 1907, Biinnemeijer 1166 (BO); Brani Afd Agam, Jul 1918, Biinnemeijer 3340 (BO); Atjeh, Gajolanden, Mar 1937, van Steenis 10099 (BO); Gunung leuser nature Reserve, Atjeh. Ketambe, valley of Lau Atlas, near tribu- tary of lau Ketambe, c. 35 km NW of Kutatjane, May 1972, de Wilde 12437 & de Wilde-Duyfjer (BO). Lrian Jaya: Bernhard bivak, Jul 1938, Meijer Drees 413 (BO); Wondiwoi Mountains, Wandammen Pentnsula, 2°42’S, 134°40’°E, Mar 1962, Schram BW13323 (CANB, LAB). Papua New Guinea, WEST SEPIK PROVINCE: Meinat flood plain, N slopes Bewani Mountains, 11 km SSW of Bewani, 3°08’S, 141°08’E, Sep 1982, Wiakabu et al, LAE50601 (BRI, CANB, K). Distribution and habitat: Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatera and Irian Jaya) and Papua New Guinea. Plants grow on alluvium in rainforests up to 1100 m altitude. Notes: Gamble cited six syntypes for P. perakensis — Wray 2407, 3005, Scortechini s.n. and King’s Collector 2059, 2181,7314. DrP.s. Short (MEL) was able to find only four of these collections at K. These collections appear to represent two separate species, with King’s Collector 7314 & 2181 belonging to one and Scortechini (recd. 27 Apr 1911) and King’s Collector 2059 belonging to another. The latter two collections have no specific locality of collection, with King’s Collector 2059 being seeds only. King’s Collector’7314 is selected as lectotype as it is the best flowering collection and is in closest agreement with the protologue. 5. Cryptolepis nymani (K. Schum.) P.I. Forster, Austrobaileya 3: 275 (1990); Streptomanes nymanit K. Schum. in K. Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtrage FI. Schutzgeb. Stidsee 353 (1905). Type: Papua New Guinea. MADANG PROVINCE: Stephansort, Nyman 1020 Gso: UPS!). Austrobaileya 41): 67-73 (1993) Description: see Forster (1990). 6. Cryptolepis papillata P.I. Forster, Austrobatleya3: 277 (1990). Type: Papua New Guinea. Morospe Province: Partep [Patep] Creek, Lae-Wau road, Bulolo Valley, September 1955, J.S. Womersley NGEF7821 (holo: BRI!; iso: BO!, K!, L!). Description: see Forster (1990). 7. Cryptolepis lancifolia P.I. Forster, Blumea 35: 381 (1991). Type: Irian Jaya. Okwa- liamkan River headwaters, 5°02’S, 140°55’E, 17 August 1967, Ridsdale et al, NGF31999 (holo: L!; iso: LAE!). Description: see Forster (1991). Additional specimens examined: Papua New Guinea. WEsT SEPIK PROVINCE: Road leading from base camp to drilling camp, Frieda River, 4°40’S, 142°00’E, May 1978, Kerenga & Lelean LAE74226 (LAE). SouTHERN HicH- LANDS PRovINCE: near Tage, Lake Kutubu, Schodde 2259 (LAE), Distribution: Irian Jaya and West Sepik Prov- ince in Papua New Guinea. Notes: When described, this species was known only from the type collection (Forster 1991). The additional collections now to hand appear to be of this species but have smaller flowers than first described with corolla lobes 8-10 mm long and with fewer papillae. Acknowledgements W. Smith (BRI) provided the illustration. The Directors/Curators of the cited herbaria allowed examination of material in their care, either on loan or in situ at their institutions. My visit to Papua New Guinea and the LAE herbarium was made possible via a Christensen Research Insti- tute Fellowship and Matthew Jebb is thanked for his encouragement and help. David Liddle assisted with stack delving at BO and LAE in 1992. Geoff Stocker assisted with the visit to Lae, Lyn Craven (CANB) translated the diag- nosis into latin. Philip Short (WEL) located and photographed type material at K while Austral- ian Botanical Liaison Officer at Kew, U.K. Forster, Cryptolepis in Malesia References BACKER, C.A. & BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN Brink, R.C. (1965), Asclepiadaceae. In Flora of Java 2: 244-274. Groningen: N.V.P. Noordhoff. Buiumg, C.L. (1826). Bijdragen totdefloravan Nedelandsch Indie. Batavia ter Lands Drukkerig. (1849). Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Forster, P.I. (1990). Notes on Asclepiadaceae, 2. Austrobaileya 3: 273-289. 73 ——— (1991), Cryptolepis lancifolia (Asclepiadaceae: Periplocoideae), a new species from Irian Jaya, Blumea 35: 381-383. Kina, G. & GAMBLE, J.S. (1907). Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula No. 16-19. Journal and Pro- ceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 74: 387-6025. VAN STEENIS, C.G.G.J. (1954). Miscellaneous botanical notes VI. Blumea 7: 595-598. Notes on Tiliaceae in Australia, 1 D.A. Halford Summary Halford, D.A. (1993). Notes on Tiliaceae in Australlia, 1. Austrobaileya 4(1): 75-85. A key to the genera of Tiliaceae in Australia is presented, as well as a key to the species of Berrya Roxb. In Australia, Berrya is represented by 2 species, viz B. javanica and B. rotundifolia. B. javanica (Turcz.) Burret is newly recorded for Australia. Lectotypes are designated for Berrya rotundifolia Domin and Trichospermum pleiostigma (F. Muell.) Kosterm. A new species of Grewia L., G. graniticola from North Queensland is described. Descriptions, illustrations and notes are provided for all native species discussed. Keywords: Tiliaceae— Australia; Berrya—Australia; Berrya javanica; Berrya rotundifolia; Trichospermum _ pleiostigma; Grewia graniticola, D.A. Halford, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction The family Tiliaceae is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world extending into the temperate regions of the northern hemi- sphere. As defined by Cronquist (1981) it contains about 50 genera worldwide. In Aus- tralia the family is represented by eight genera of which one is a recent introduction. Bentham’s (1863) treatment was the first complete examination of the family in Aus- tralia; he included in the family the genera Berrya Roxb., Grewia L., Corchorus L., Triumfetta L., Aristotelia L’ Her., Echinocarpus BI. and Elaeocarpus L.. The last three genera are now placed in the Elaeocarpaceae (Coode 1983; Mabberley 1989). More recent reviews of the Tiliaceae relevant to Australia include the contributions of Burret (1926, 1927) and Domin (1926). Key to Australian genera of Tiliaceae InssVeP AS ERC 1. 20.0e, casa citch betet oh aecattbe ti tc fiasamten ets aoiae dd Aatee Ped on ee chale ap etan, poNacebaedctel Sst 2 Sepals connate atleast near base: oo cic. ke eae REY ocean ER Eo ee EE ee Od 6 2. Petals with prominent gland near base... 1... ee eee eens 3 Petals without prominent gland near base ......... 0. cece ce ee eee eens 4 3. Fruit a dehiscent capsule; seeds with a corona of radial hairs. Qld ELAS nahn oan 9 toe S205 tol fsa Pets Cols Hibotere bal ephe: eey etc Pa Eee need os Murgie R ated wey ep aev Ha Trichospermum Fruit drupaceous, 1- to 4-lobed; seeds glabrous. WA,NT,Qld,NSW fobs OSPR), see den teat arvaponaicct ee teers us lees cara oad tcet Needs bosirs Mees tat bys ee ian eciys tay Rita Grewia 4, Fruit a berry; stigma sessile. Qld (1 sp.).. 0... cee en neas Muntingia Fruit not a berry; either dehiscent or indehiscent; stigma not sessile ..............005. 5 5. Sepals often caudate at apex, without an appendage; fruit a dehiscent capsule, unarmed; ovules mostly more than 2 per loculus. WA,NT, COL IIS VCS POSSI ies a ey ote Be Noe Vee A eh $82 rE tyes GALE Wheat Bell eae eel al Corchorus Sepals incurved or cucullate at apex, with an appendage inserted outside usually near apex; fruit indehiscent or if dehiscent then covered with hooked bristles; ovules 2 per loculus. WA,NT,Qid, NSW. (c. 55 spp.) ...... Triumfetta Accepted for publication 3 March 1993 ‘ Fig. 3. Peperomia blanda var. floribunda. A. Scanning electron micrograph of part of inflorescence axis showing disposition of flowers, Scale bars = 0.5 mm. B. Close-up of individual flower. f= floral bract; s = stamen, t= stigma. C, View of seed from micropylar end showing the papillate protuberances (p) and the sticky mucilaginous substance (m). A, B from fresh material of Forster 2784 (BRI). C, from fresh material of Forster 2262 & Bird (BRD. Forster, Australian Peperomia of Hell Hole Creek, 28°06’S, 152°24’E, Apr 1987, Forster 2902 (BRI). Moreton District: head of London Creek, 26°48’S, 152°55’E, Nov 1986, Forster 2721 (BRD); Moon- light Crag, near O’ Reillys Guest House, 28°14’S, 153°09’E, Nov 1988, Forster 4848 (BRD; Morans Falls, Lamington N.P., May 1937, Blake 13001 (BRI); Mt Ballow, Jul 1937, Blake 13086 (BRI). New South Wales, south slopes of Mt Lindesay on New South Wales - Queensland border, Oct 1969, Schodde 5610 (BRI, CANB); Middle Arm Creek, 6 km W Limpinwood, 28°19’S, 153°10°E, Aug 1986, Forster 2609 et al. (BRD; Gosford, Feb 1897, Camfields.n. (BRD; Malara S.F., c. 20 miles [33.3 km] NW Tenterfield, May 1961, Constable sn. (BRD. Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in Africa, Malesia, Melanesia and eastern Aus- tralia from southern New South Wales to the ‘Wet Tropics’ region of north-east Queensland. In eastern Australia, populations tend to be disjunct and restricted to the wetter rainforest communities such as mesophyll and notophyll vineforests. Plants usually grow epiphytically, but may be found occasionally as lithophytes. P. tetraphylla may grow in association with P. enervis in north-east Queensland. Notes: With the exception of P. affinis Domin, synonymy for this species is taken from Diill (1973). Domin (1928) cited two syntypes for P. affinis. I have been able to locate only one of these, and this collection by J.F. Bailey is used to lectotypify the name. Diill did not specifically state the location of the type of Piper tetraphyllum and although Huber (1987) gives it as being at BM, it was not located at that institution (T.D. Macfarlane, pers. comm. 1990). Conservation status: Not threatened in Aus- tralia. Itis considered as rare but well conserved in south-east Queensland with plants recorded in at least 9 conservation reserves (Forster et al. 1991). 5, Peperomia enervis C, DC. & F, Muell., Vict. Nat. 8: 109 (1891). Type: Queensland. Cook District: Mt Bartle Frere, 1890, S. Johnson (lecto (here designated): MEL!; isolecto: BRI!). Peperomia johnsoniiC.DC., Ann. Conserv. Jard. Bot. Geneve 1898: 286 (1898). Type: ‘In Australiae boreali-orientalis monte 101 Bartle Frere, altitud. 5000 ped. (Stephen Johnson in h. Cand.)’ (holo: G-DC, n.v.). Iilustration: Williams, Native Pl. Queensl. 3: 243 (1988). Succulent herb to 30 cm high. Stems erect, becoming decumbent, rooting at nodes, gla- brous; internodes up to 3 cm long and 1 mm diameter. Leaves opposite, or in whorls of 3, petiolate; lamina cuneate or obovate, up to 15 mm long and 7 mm wide, membranous when dry, secondary venation obscure; tip obtuse, base cuneate; petiole up to 2 mm long and 0.5—0.6 mm diameter, glabrous. Spikes termi- nal, up to 6 cm in length, solitary or very rarely paired; peduncle 5—8 mm long, c. | mm diam- eter, glabrous; fertile axes 21-50 mm long, 0.8—1.8 mm diameter, glabrous. Flowers slightly sunken into axis, spaced 0.9-1.3 mm apart; floral bracts rounded, 0.4—0.5 mm long, 0.40.5 mm wide; anthers oblong, c. 0.2 mm long and 0.2 mm long; ovary rounded 0.3—-0.4 mm long and 0.2—0.3 mm diameter. Drupes sticky, papil- late, c. 1 mm long, 0.7 mm wide and 0.6-0.7 mm thick. Figs 2B, 4. Selected specimens: Queensland. Coox Districr: Intake, Mossman Gorge, Jun 1937, Flecker (QRS); Mossman River Gorge, Feb 1932, Brass 2071 (BRI); Mossman, Dec 1954, Blake 19759 (BRI); 32.8 km past Julatten on Mt. Lewis road, 16°30’S, 145°16’E, Jun 1988, Forster 4328 & Liddle (BRI); 19.1 km past Julatten on Mt. Lewis road, 16°34’S, 145°17°E, Apr 1988, Forster 3981 & Liddle (BRI); Davies Creek L.A., 13.5 km past Davies Creek Falls, 17°04’S, 145°36’E, Mar 1988, Forster3914(BRD); Adeline Creek, Mt. Windsor Tableland, May 1986, Lockyer s.n. (BRD; Mt. Haig area, Oct 1986, Tuckers.n. (BRI); Tinaroo Range, road from Downfall Creek, Feb 1962, Webb & Tracey 3767 (BRI); S.F.R. 607, Emerald L.A., 17°05’S, 145°35’E, Jun 1979, Stocker 1735 (QRS); Kauri Creek road, 4 km from Tinaroo Dam end, S.F. 185 Danbulla, 17°06’S, 145°35’E, Jan 1992, Forster 9547 (BRI, K, L, MEL, QRS); Zilhe Falls, Theresa Creek road, Millaa Millaa area, Jul 1980, Williams 80116 CBRI); Mt Bartle Frere, 1889, Bailey (BRY); ditto, Oct 1935, Blake 9815 (BRI); Johnson Place, Boonjie on Gurkha Pocket road, W Slope Bartle-Frere Mountain, Apr 1959, Thorne & Jones 20926 (BRI); Forest Reserve 756, Carter L.A., 17°40’S, 145°55’E, Jun 1966, Hyland 4116 (BRI). SoutH KENNEDY District: Dalrymple Heights & vicinity, Bee Creek, Jul- Nov 1947, Clemens (BRI); Finch Hatton Gorge, above Dooloomai Falls, Eungella N.P., 21°03’S, 148°38’E, Apr 1991, Forster 8103 (BRD; Broken River walking track, Eungella N.P.,21°10’S, 148°30’°E, Apr 1991, Forster 8071 (BRI); 4 km past Cockies Creek crossing, Crediton S.F. 679, 21°16’S, 148°33’E, Aug 1990, Foerster 7336 (BRI). Austrobaileya 4(1): 93-104 (1993) Fig. 4. Peperomia tetraphylla. A. Scanning electron micrograph of part of inflorescence axis showing disposition of flowers, Scale bar = 0.5 mm. B. Close-up of individual flower. Peperomia enervis. C. Scanning electron micrograph of part of inflorescence axis showing disposition of flowers, Scale bar=0.5 mm. D. Close-up of individual flower. f= floral bract,s =stamen, t=stigma. A, B, from fresh material of Forster 3543 et al. (BRI). C, D, from fresh material of Tucker s.n. (Mt Haig area) (BRI). Forster, Australian Peperomia Distribution and habitat: Endemic to Australia in the ‘Wet Tropics’ of north Queensland, with several disjunct records from the Eungella area. Plants of P. enervis are nearly always epiphytic or lithophytic in wet rainforest communities. This species may grow in association with P. tetraphylla in the ‘Wet Tropics’; however, P. enervis is by far the commoner plant of the two in this region. | Notes: Theholdings of this species at the Queens- land Herbarrum (BRI) have in the past been labelled as P. johnsonii C. DC. since R. Dill annotated a number of specimens with this name in 1966. Although Mueller (1891) thanks C. De Candolle for his assistance in the descrip- tion of P. enervis and allocates him co-author- ship, De Candolle (1898) made no mention of the species in his description of P. johnsonii (as P. johsonii, but evidently a typographical error as the collector is listed as Stephen Johnson in the protologue). Despite the somewhat different type citation, it is probable that the type speci- mens of both P. enervis and P. johnsonit are from the same collection by Stephen Johnson, with the type of the latter having been sent to De Candolle by Mueller. Mueller (1891) did not specify a her- barium of deposition for the type of his name, hence this name is lectotypified with the MEL sheet, with an isolectotype at BRI. As with all species of Peperomia, P. enervis varies under different growing condi- tions. Plants from the vicinity of Bellenden Ker may be quite variable; however, this variation appears largely phenotypic as the differences disappear after cultivation of different clones under similar conditions. Peperomia enervis 1s closely allied to P. tenuipila C. DC. from New Guinea, which from examination of dried material only, differs from the Australian plant mainly in the densely hir- sute stems and young leaves. Conservation status: Common throughout its range. Acknowledgments L.G. Jessup prepared Figure 2. Special collec- tions of plants were made by D.M. Cumming in 103 Africa and the Philippines, and R. Lockyer and M.C. Tucker in Queensland. Assistance with field work over the years was given by L.H. Bird, P.D. Bostock, G. Kenning, D. & I. Liddle, R. Harvey, W.J. McDonald, D. Orford, M.C. Tucker and P.R. Sharpe. Translation of parts of the Diill text was undertaken by P.R. Sharpe. The Directors/Curators of the herbaria cited allowed access to collections at their institu- tions. T.D. Macfarlane (PERTH) while Aus- tralian Botanical Liaison Officer at Kew, United Kingdom, located and photographed several types. References BAILEY, F.M. (1901). Peperomia. In Queensland Flora 4: 1286. Brisbane: Government Printer. _ Barrow, B.A. & HyLAnp, B.P.M. (1988). The origins of the flora of Australia’s wet tropics. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 15: 1-17. BentuaM, G, (1873), Piperaceae. In Flora Australiensis 6: 203-207. London: L. Reeve & Co. Brices, J.D. & Letcu, JH. (1988). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. 1988 Revised Edition. Austral- ian National Parks and Wildlife Service Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Burcer, W.C. (1977). The Piperales and the monocots — alternate hypothesis for the origin of monocotyledonous flowers. Botanical Review 43: 345-393, CHaApMaN, A.D. (1986). Karl Domin’s visitto Mt. Bellenden Ker (1909-1910). Australian Systematic Botany Society Newsletter 48: 1-8. (1990). Domin and Danes in Java and Australia 1909-1910. In P.S. Short (ed.), History of System- atic Botany in Australasia pp. 159-163. Mel- bourne: Australian Systematic Botany Society. Cousins, S.N, (1989). Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Darwin Region, Northern Territory Australia. Northern Territory Botanical Bulletin No. 8. Dar- win: Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory. CronoursT, A.J. (1981). An Integrated System of Classifi- cation of Flowering Plants, New York: Columbia University Press. DE CANDOLLE, C. (1898), Piperaceae Novae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botanique de Genée 2: 252-291, 104 Domin, K. (1928). Peperomia. In Beitrage zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 89: 558-559. DULL, R. (1973). Die Peperomia - arten Afrikas. Botanische Jahrbiicher fiir Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 93: 56-129. Forster, P.I. (1986). Notes on Peperomia Ruiz & Pavon (Peperomiaceae), occasional epiphytes from Aus- tralia. Epiphytes 10: 84-88. Forster, P.I., Bostock, P.D., Birp, L.H. & BEAN, A.R. (1991). Vineforest Plant Atlas for South-East Queensland, Brisbane: Queensland Herbarium. Ho.tue, P.A., PATEL, A. & Tina, I.P. (1992). The occurrence of CAM in Peperomia, Selbyana 13: 77-87. Huser, H. (1987), Piperaceae, In M.D. Dassanayake (ed.) A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon 6:272-— 300. New Dehli: Amerind Publishing Co. Pty Ltd. KAUL, R.B. (1977). The role of the multiple epidermis in foliar succulence of Peperomia (Piperaceae), Bo- fanical Gazette 138: 213-218. Austrobaileya 4(1): 93~104 (1993) MUELLER, F. (1891). Descriptions of new Australian plants, with occasional other annotations. Victorian Naturalist 8: 109-111. Tucker, S.C. (1980). Inflorescence and flower develop- ment in the Piperaceae. I. Peperomia. American Journal of Botany 67: 686-702. VIRZO DE SANTO, A., ALFANI, A., Russo, G. & Florerro, A. (1983). Relationship between CAM and succu- lence in some species of Vitaceae and Piperaceae. Botanical Gazette 144: 342-346. Wesp, L.J. & TRAcEy, J.G. (1981). Australian rainforests: pattern and change. In A. Keast (ed.), Ecological Biogeography of Australia. pp. 605-694, The Hague: W. Junk. WINTER, K., WALLACE, B.J., SrocKEr, G.C. & RoKSsANDICc, Z. (1983). Crassulacean acid metabolism in Austral- ian vascular epiphytes and some related species. Oecologia 57: 129-141. Studies in Australian grasses 8'. A new species of Thelepogon (Andropogoneae: [schaeminae) for Australia Bryan K. Simon Summary Simon, Bryan K. (1993). Studies in Australian grasses 8. Anewspecies of Thelepogon (Andropogoneae: Ischaeminae) for Australia. Austrobaileya 4(1):105 —108. The first record of the andropogonoid grass genus Thelepogon for Australiais reported, with the description ofanew species Thelepogonaustraliensis. Keywords: Andropogoneae: Ischaeminae, Thelepogon australiensis. Bryan K. Simon, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction Amongst a plant collection made in April 1991 by John Clarkson and John Neldner from the Archer River of north Queensland was an inter- esting andropogonoid grass. It keys out to Thelepogon in the latest two keys to world grass genera (Clayton & Renvoize 1986; Watson & Dallwitz 1988), thus establishing a new grass generic record for Australia. It differs from Thelepogon elegans Roth in Roem. & Schult., untilnow the only known species of Thelepogon, by a number of characters mentioned in the diagnosis. Thelepogon Roem. & Schult, Syst. Veg. 2: 46 (1817). Tufted annuals with erect culms having basal prop roots. Leaves: ligule a hair-fringed mem- brane; blades narrow, flat, cordate to subcordate at base, with tubercle-based spines or cilia on the margins. Inflorescence terminal on the culm, digitate or subdigitate, with spikelets not em- bedded in rachis, espatheate; racemes 1—17 with the rachis fracturing at maturity; rachis internodes and pedicels slender or stout, some- times thickened upwards, glabrous or hairy, from about half to equalling the length of the sessile spikelet. Spikelet pairs reduced to the sessile spikelet and the pedicel of the pedicelled ' continued from Austrobatleya 4(1): 57-66 (1993). Accepted for publication 11 March 1993 spikelet. Spikelets bisexual, lanceolate in out- line, + dorsiventrally compressed, the callus truncate, not pungent and without a central peg. Glumes + equal in length, as long as the spikelet, but very dissimilar; lower glume indurated, natrowly ovate, not distinctly 2-keeled, convex on back, acute, distinctly rugose; upper glume coriaceous, lanceolate, boat-shaped, acuminate, smooth, keeled, glabrous to weakly hairy on margins. Lower floret male, sometimes without apalea; lemma and palea Gifdeveloped) slightly shorter than spikelet, glabrous, membranous. Upper floret bisexual: lemma slightly shorter than spikelet, membranous, bilobed to % of the lemma, with a geniculate, twisted awn arising from between the lobes; palea shorter than lemma, membranous. Pedicelled spikelets rep- resented only by the compressed, linear pedicel. Thelepogon australiensis B.K. Simon, sp. nov. -T. eleganti Roth in Roem. & Schult. affinis, sed inflorescentia 1-3 racemis (inflores centia nunquam wuniracemis in T. elegans), glumis inferis minus rugosis, sine palea infera, marginibus foliorum ciliis tuberculis (non spinis tuberculis), differt. Typus: Queensland. Coox Dis- TRIcT: 62 km N of Archer R. on Coen to Weipa road, 19 April 1991, Piliostigma malabaricum low open woodland with a dense grass dominated ground layer, JR. Clarkson 8981 & V.J. Neldner (holo: BRI[AQ 570010, 2 sheets); iso: K, MBA, NSW). 106 Austrobaileya 4(1): 105-108 (1993) res et eT Ra re 1 Yemen aise et Ths cute weg ee anet email “ frag, he lh a ata ae ey ‘ a oe Ma tomy tin dein a eA, ite iar hare b eadah tds Ae irs Rots ee a ee Fae if bok talc vb == * he LA yoke Li wend hall ie ane a A, i Aan I aye a Daal ™ hed ol vm, “on + * Ca. ee ae ee * Pe ee oh a _ re at re ee hee ae os +" ” — pol ‘* ay tee alee ft sett ne | adiicteadiienta tn) a ce AN ear ie pee ap eae ie a hoy be Try zs rf * OL ety RSet aye lanneter tte tI Ieee Pe a od aL, stan lienieetiaanda sie a —_ im, valk heel 5. _ ‘ aa ety, at “ely tanal Here . See: anf ee, F rr oan + : rin = Clin ar i a = ' al plage + 7 = pel + oo. ee a pa ke gel PE, er me A +0 Ph nin Lal —_ re = , 2 u Pagal x ot TF a se a = r 17 hel t, z ie" . Sel tepid the \ : Ke Fatt 1G ef a jr! 417 a ee ee eT catatonia aimed law ee oe tn ind oe Sole ee oe, FL " ny ng oe “] “<'¥ ou pena ciara 4d aa Se ee ats 7,1 | a i ge pe ee de on hart et ty al a) Dg) so Fig. 1 Thelepogon australiensis: A. calm with three racemes x 0,33, B. apex of culm with oneraceme x 1. C, D. tworaceme segments of sessile spikelets and pedicels x 3, view from both sides of raceme. E,F. raceme internode (i) and pedicel (p) x 4, view from both sides of raceme. G,H. lower glume, back (G) and front (H) views. I. upper glume, side view. J. lower lemma, side view. K. upper lemma, side view. L. upper palea, side view (G—-L x 8). M. young ovary and lodicules x 16. Ail drawn from holotype. Simon, Australian grasses, 8 Culms to 140 cm tall, erect, red in colour par- ticularly towards the base, branching from some nodes. Nodes glabrous. Leaves with tubercle- based cil1a on the sheaths and blades, the tuber- cles more pronounced on adaxial surface and margins. Blades 5—12 cm x 6-10 mm, narrowly lanceolate, subcordate at base. Ligule c. 1 mm long. Racemes 1-3, 2.5-5.5 cm long, 10-—13- jointed, arranged digitately where there is more than one raceme, with peduncles 8-13 mm long and puberulous. Internodes c. 3.5 mm long, slightly longer than pedicels, villous on outside, linear and compressed. Sessile spikelet 6-7 xc. 1.5 mm, dorsiventrally compressed, elliptic- lanceolate in outline. Lower glume c. 6.5 mm long, 7-nerved, finely rugose, indurate, gla- brous; upper glume c. 7 mm long, 3-nerved, glabrous, scabrid on keel towards apex, coriaceous. Lower floret with lemma c. 4 mm long, narrowly elliptic, membranous; palea ab- sent. Upper floret with lemma c. 4 mm long, lanceolate, membranous, with awn to 16 mm long; palea c. 2 mm long, a small hyaline scale; anthers c, 1.2 mm long. Pedicel c. 3 mm long, villous on outside. Caryopsis not seen. Distribution and habitat: Thelepogon australiensis ts only represented by the type specimen on the Coen to Weipa road 62 km north of the Archer River crossing. It was collected from a tall dense, grass-dominated eround layer in a Piliostigma malabaricum low open woodland on cracking clay soil. The principal grasses associated with the site were Sorghum laxiflorum (55% cover) and Themeda arguens (25% cover), with Rottboellia cochinchinensis and Thelepogon australiensis forming about 5% of the cover near the ground surface (J. Clarkson, pers. comm.). Conservation status: 1K (Briggs & Leigh 1988). Etymology: The generic name is from the Greek thele (a wart) and pogon (beard), alluding to the rugose surface of the lower glume and the awned spikelets. The specific epithet refers to the Australian continent. Notes: The name Thelepogon was proposed for a new genus from the Indian region by Roth in 107 a manuscript for his account of new species from this area (1821), but prepublished in J.J. Roemer and J.A. Schultes (1817). Itis based on material collected by Benjamin Heyne in India (Stafleu & Cowan 1983). A single species, T. elegans, was described there. Since the time of its description, JT. elegans has been collected from throughout tropical Africa to Indonesia (Clayton & Renvoize 1982) generally from disturbed habitats on black, clay soils. Accord- ing to Lazarides (1980) the Asian distribution of the species 1s from India, Thailand, and Javaand Timor in Indonesia. He suggests the plant is a recent introduction in southeast Asia, where it grows In lowlands only as aruderal. In contrast T, australiensis, probably endemic in Australia, does not appear to be a weed and thus far it is known only from the type locality. It has distinctive red culms, particularly at the base and in this respect resembles some specimens of T. elegans. It differs from the latter species by the inflorescence having 1-3 racemes, digitately arranged where there is more than one raceme, as opposed the inflorescence always having at least three digitate racemes, by the lower glumes being less rugose, by the lower palea not being developed and by the leaf mar- gins bearing tuberculate-based cilia as opposed to tuberculate-based spines. References Briaes, J.D. & Leicu, J.H. (1988). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants, 1988 Revised Edition. Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. CLAYTON, W.D, & Renvorze S.A. (1982). Thelepogon. In Flora of Tropical East Africa, Gramineae 3: 744-746. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. (1986). Genera graminum — Grasses of the World. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XII, Lon- don: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Lazaripes, M, (1980). Tropical grasses of Southeast Asia. Phanerogamarum, Monographiae XII, 75-76. Vaduz: Cramer. Rota, A.W. (1821). Novae Plantarum Species praesertim Indiae Orientalis, 62. Halberstadt. ROEMER, J.J. & SCHULTES, J.A.(1817), Systemae Vegetabile 2: 46, 788. STAFLEU, F.A. & Cowan, R.S. (1983), Taxonomic Litera- ture, second edition, 4: 919, The Hague: W. Junk, 108 Austrobaileya 4(1): 105—108 (1993) WATSON, L, & Datiwitz, M.J. (1988). Grass Genera of the World. Illustrations of Characters, Descriptions, Classification, Interactive Identification, Informa- tion Retrieval, Canberra: Research School of Bio- logical Sciences, Australian National University. Resurrection of Wrightia versicolor S.T. Blake (Apocynaceae) Paul I. Forster Summary Forster, Paul I. (1993), Resurrection of Wrightia versicolor S.T, Blake (Apocynaceae), Austrobaileya 4(1): 109-112. Wrightia versicolor S.T. Blake is reinstated as aspecies distinct from W. pubescens R. Br. The species is described, illustrated and notes on distribution, habitat and conservation status are given. A key to distinguish the Australian species of Wrightia is presented. Keywords: Apocynaceae, Wrightia versicolor, Wrightia — Australia. Paul I, Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Introduction Wrightia versicolor was described by Blake (1948) from material that he collected at the Barrabas Scrub west of Ravenswood in north Queensland. Although Blake gave a detailed latin description, to date there has been no English description or illustration of this plant published. Ngan (1965), in his monograph of - Wrightia R. Br., placed W. versicolor in the synonymy of W. pubescens subsp. penicillata (Bailey) Ngan, but gave no comment as to his reasons for doing this. I am providing a treatment of the Apocynaceae (in part) for Volume 28 of “Flora of Australia’, hence it has been necessary to critically assess the validity of Ngan’s taxo- nomic decisions with respect to the Australian taxa of Wrightia. After examining herbarium material of Wrightia in Australian herbaria and studying plants in habitat, I cannot agree with Negan’s synonymy withrespectto W. versicolor. As noted by Blake (1948), W. versicolor 1s readily distinguished from W. pubescens by the glabrous foliage and cream-brown to orange flowers. W. versicolor grows into a large tree up to 20 m high with a diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) of up to 20 cm, whereas W. pubescens 1s asmaller tree up to 10 m high with ad.b.h. of up to LO cm. Accepted for publication 20 August 1992 Terminology Descriptive terminology follows that used in my previous revisionary papers on Apocynaceae (Forster 1992a,b,c,d,e). Indumentum refers to the covering of uniseriate, uncoloured, multicellular trichomes common to most Apocynaceae. Taxonomy Wrightia versicolor S.T. Blake, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens]. 59: 163 (1948). Type: Queensland. NortH KENNEDY DISTRICT: Barrabas Scrub, West of Ravenswood, 17 November 1942, 8.7. Blake 14702 (holo: BRI!; iso: BRI). Tree to 20 m high, deciduous. Trunk + straight or crooked, with longitudinal channels and ridges; bark grey, scaly; blaze cream with darker stripes; latex copious, white. Leafy internodes angular, 5~30 mm long and up to 2 mm diam- eter, glabrous, lenticillate. Leaves petiolate; lamina broadly elliptic, elliptic to lanceolate, up to 130 mm long and 30 mm wide, discolorous, glabrous; upper surface dark glossy green with venation + obscure; lower surface pale green with 12—18 prominently raised yellow second- ary veins per side of midrib and prominent reticulate tertiary venation; tip acute, short to long acuminate; base cuneate; petiole grooved along top, 8-10 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, glabrous. Cymes up to 15 mm long, comprising several fasicles of 3-8 flowers; peduncle 5—10 mm long, c. 1 mm diameter, glabrous; bracts lanceolate, 1-9 mm long, 0.8—-2 mm wide, 110 glabrous or with scattered trichomes. Flowers 10-12 mm long, 20—23 mm diameter, with a musky-sweet scent; pedicels 5-10 mm long, 0.5—0.8 mm diameter, glabrous or with scat- tered to sparse indumentum. Sepals broadly ovate, 2—2.7 mm long, 1.5—2 mm wide, with sparse indumentum. Corolla subrotate, cream- brown to orange; tube 4~7 mm long, 3-4 mm diameter, glabrous except for short dense indumentum externally near the top; lobes lan- ceolate to obovate, 8-12 mm long, 3-5.5 mm wide, with short dense indumentum on both surfaces; corolline corona comprising 10 dis- crete lobes, 5 from between the corolla lobe sinuses and 5 alternating with the sepals, each lobe irregularly lobed and 2.5—5 mm long and 1.5—2 mm wide. Filaments c. 1 mm long and 1 mm diameter, glabrous; anthers lanceolate, 4.5—6 mm long, 0.8-1 mm wide, orange and with dense indumentum on back. Fruit a dehiscent woody follicle, 110-245 mm long, 10-15 mm wide. Seed flattened, narrowly oblong, 9-13 mm long, 1.5—1.7 mm wide, tan; comose from micropylar end, coma 25—35 mm long, white. Fig. 1. Specimens examined: Queensland. Coox District: Flinders Island, Suryth [AQ412660] (BRD; Fitzroy Island, Austrobaileya 4(1): 109-112 (1993) coll. 29 (MEL); Lizard Island, Walter (MEL); ditto, Dec 1974, Specht & Specht L1175, LI319 (BRD; ditto, May 1975, Byrnes 3193 (BRD); ditto, Sep 1988, Batianoff 10002 (BRD; Mt Surprise Creek, Armit 766 (MEL). Nort KENNEDY Districr: 3.5 km ESE of Fanning River Station, [9°4S’S, 146° 20°F, Aug 1989, Fell 1923 (BRD; Mingela Bluff, 19°53’S, 146°45’E, Jan 1992, Forster 9418 & Bean (A, B, BRI, DNA, K, L, MEL, QRS); Sellheim, Sep 1943, Blake 15307 (BRI); Barrabas Scrub, W of Ravenswood, Apr 1943, Blake 14893 (BRI); Barrabas Scrub, May 1972, Ayland 6060 (BRI, QRS); 20°05’S, 146°55’E, May 1972, Dockrill 509 (QRS); 13 miles N of Charters Towers, Nov 1942, Blake 14672 (BRD; Mt Hope Station, W of home- stead, Mar 1987, Bolton 787 (BRD); Rochford Scrub, 25 km W of Ravenswood, 20°07’S, 146°37°E, Sep 1991, Thompson 217 & Dillewaard (BRD. Burke District: East- ern branch of Torrens Creek, Warang Holding, White Mountains, c. 37 km NNW of Torrens Creek township, 20°29'S, 144°48’E, Jul 1988, Fell 1360 & Swain (BRD. Distribution and habitat: This rare tree appears to berestricted to localities in the North Kennedy, Burke and Cook districts of northern Queens- land. Plants grow in deciduous vine thicket on soils derived from lateritic rocks, sandstone talus or quartzite, orin bendee-lancewood thick- ets on red lateritic soils. Notes: The four species of Wrightia that occur in Australia may be distinguished using the following key: 1. Leaf lamina linear, linear-lanceolate or linear-ovate ............ 0000. eeu W. saligna Leaf lamina elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-obovate........ 000... 2 2. Foliage with dense indumentum.......... Foliage glabrous or with scattered indumentum....... Assis phe Me oleate aie als deecgh a been @ 3 3. Leaf lamina with 6-11 secondary veins per side of midrib; corolla white to cream-yellow .......0 0... cece ees ee ee ace ANS tie W. laevis subsp. millgar Leaf lamina with 12—18 secondary veins per side of midrib; corolla bright OUGNGE 3) 8b gud: tora tgn ok geen oapih RoM Conservation status: W. versicolor 1s a rarely collected plant and is not common at localities where it has been collected during the last 20 years. Nevertheless, it is probably far more common than the available collections in her- baria would indicate. An appropriate conserva- tion coding for the species is 3RC (cf. Briggs & Leigh 1988). Itis present in the National Park at White Mountains. EU sete eeveL ates TEFEN ost Ates oo W. versicolor Acknowledgements Figure 1 was drawn by Will Smith (BRI). Tony Bean assisted in my visit to Mingela Bluff. The Directors/Curators of AD, CANB, CBG, DNA, MEL and QRS herbaria allowed access to speci- mens either at their institutions or on loan. This work was supported by grants in 1991-92 from the Australian Biological Resources Study for Preferred Objective research on the Australian Apocynaceae. Forster, Wrightia versicolor 111 Fig. 1. Wrightia versicolor: A. habit of stem x 0.8. B. bud x 2. C. side view of flower x 2. D. face view of flower x 2. E. half flower x 2. F. fruit x 0.5. All from Forster 9418 & Bean. Del. W. Smith. 112 References BLAKE, S.T. (1948). Studies in Australian Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae, 1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 59: 161-168. Bricoes, J.D. & Leicu, J.H. (1988). Rare or threatened Australian plants. 1988 Revised Edition. Austral- ian National Parks and Wildlife Service Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. Forster, P.J. (1992a). A taxonomic revision of Melodinus (Apocynaceae) in Australia, Australian Systematic Botany 5: 387-400. ———— (1992b). A taxonomic revision of Cerbera L. (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia. Austrobatleya 3: 569-579. Austrobaileya 4(1); 109-112 (1993) (1992c). A taxonomic revision of Alyxia (Apocynaceae) in Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 5: 547-580. (1992d). A taxonomic revision of Ichnocarpus (Apocynaceae) in Australia and Papuasia. Austral- ian Systematic Botany 5: 533-545. (1992e). A taxonomic revision of Carissa (Apocynaceae) in Australia, Australian Systematic Botany 5: 581-591. NoAN P.T. (1965). A revision of the genus Wrightia (Apocynaceae), Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52: 114-175. Resurrection of Dischidia littoralis Schitr. (Asclepiadaceae)' Paul I. Forster and David J. Liddle Summary Forster, Paul I. & Liddle, David J. 1993). Resurrection of Dischidia littoralis Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae),. Austrobaileya 4(1): 113--116. Dischidia littoralis Schltr. is resurrected as a species distinct from D. bengalensis Colebr. D. littoralis has been commonly collected from East Sepik, New Britain, Madang, Milne Bay and Morobe Provinces in Papua New Guinea, Irian Jaya and the Aru Islands, and is newly recorded here from Torres Strait in Queensland, Australia, The species is described and illustrated and a key to the species of Dischidia that occur in Australia is provided, D, bengalensis does not occur in New Guinea. Keywords: Ascleptadaceae, Dischidta Itttoralis, Dischidia — Australia, Dischidia ~ Papua New Guinea. Paul I. Forster, Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia David J. Liddle, P.O. Box 794, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia Introduction In 1989, the Australian Orchid Founda- tion sponsored a collecting expedition to a number of islands in Torres Strait, Queensland with the aim of documenting the orchid flora. Bruce Gray (QRS), a participant on the expedi- tion, collected live, but sterile, material of an undetermined species of Dischidia from Dauan Island. This species of Dischidia was not con- sidered conspecific with any of the three species of the genus currently known to occur in Aus- tralia (Forster & Liddle 1988); however, its identity was uncertain because of the lack of fertile material and difficulties in identification of species from geographically adjacent New Guinea. Live material of this collection was subse- quently flowered in cultivation in December 1991 and on examination of herbarium holdings of Asclepiadaceae at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) in February 1992, we determined that the Gray collection was conspecific with the type of D. littoralis Schitr. During field studies in Papua New Guinea in July 1992, we also found this plant to be common in Madang and Morobe provinces, lChristensen Research Institute Contribution No. 82 Accepted for publication 17 November 1992 Dischidia littoralis was reduced to syn- onymy of D. bengalensis Colebr. by Rintz (1980) along with other names in Dischidia. We disa- eree with Rintz’s treatment of D. littoralis, as it differs from D. bengalensis in having larger elliptic-ovate leaf laminas, shorter pedicels (c. 1 mm long), the narrower corolla tube, the ex- posed stamina! column that is much longer than the staminal corona, the lanceolate anther ap- pendages, the filiform staminal corona lobes, and the smaller pollinaria. Although Rintz stated that D. bengalensis occurs in New Guinea, he did not cite any specimens of it other than the type of D. littoralis. Based on the available herbarium material and our own field studies we have seen no evidence for the presence of D. bengalensis in New Guinea and its occurrence in the flora of that island is without support. Dischidia littoralis Schltr. in K. Schum. & Lauterb., Nachtrage Fl. Deutsch. Stidsee 359 (1905). Type: Papua New Guinea, New BritTAIn Province: Massawa, R. Schlechter 13722 (holo: B, n.v.;1so: BO!). Epiphytic succulent vine, foliage with white- mealy wax covering; latex white. Stems cylin- drical, glabrous; internodes up to 120 mm long and 2 mm diameter, adventitious roots common on older stems. Leaves petiolate; lamina ellip- tic-ovate, 18-30 mm long, 8-17 mm wide, discolorous, glabrous, venation obscure; upper surface with dense white-mealy wax covering; ae a a = a a ot ae atta a teatdatrcnanacemeacenecesimemscmpegeimcneenmre ea mismmemens | min wpm met helnd Laks AT AMEE REG HO BET 114 lower surface pale-green with sparse wax cov- ering; tip acute; base cuneate; petiole 1—2 mm long, 1—-1.5 mm diameter; colleters absent from lamina base. Cyme racemiform, up to 5 mm long; peduncle 1-44 mm long and c. 2 mm diameter, glabrous and without wax covering; bracts ovate, 0.2-0.4 mm long, 0.2-0.4 mm wide, glabrous, ciliate. Flowers 3—3.2 mm long, c. 2 mm diameter; pedicels 1~1.5 mm long, 0.5—0.8 mm diameter, glabrous. Sepals lanceo- late to broadly ovate, 0.8—1 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, glabrous or with scattered indumentum, ciliate. Corolla globose-urceolate, cream; tube 1.5—2 mm long, 2—2.5 mm diam- eter, glabrous; lobes lanceolate, fleshy, 1.5-2 mm long, 0.8—-0.9 mm wide, externally glab- rous, internally glabrous except for a small patch of hairs at base above and obstructing the tube entrance. Staminal corona comprising 5 lobes attached to base of gynostegium; each lobe 0.6—0.8 mm long, 0.5—0.8 mm wide, termin- ated by an irregularly truncate tip and with a recurved lateral lobule on either side. Staminal column 1—-1.5 mm long, 1—1.3 mm diameter; anther appendages lanceolate 0.5—0.6 mm long, 0.3—0.5 mm wide; alar fissure 0.2—0.5 mm long. Style-head globose-conical, 0.5—0.7 mm diam- eter. Pollinaria 0.45—0.48 mm long, 0.27-0.41 mm wide; pollinia ellipsoid, 0.23 —0.26 mm long, 0.09-0.14 mm wide; corpus-culum ellip- soid-obloid, 0.14—0.16mm long andc. 0.05 mm wide; caudicles winged, 0.22—0.27 mm long, 0.09-0.11 mm wide. Fruit a fusiform follicle, 40-60 mm long, 5-6 mm diameter. Seed obloid, c. 0.8 mm long, 2.5—2.6 mm wide, tan; comac. 20 mm long, white. Fig. 1. Selected specimens: Indonesia, Aru Islands. P. Kobroor, Namadoeboele, nearly 15 km W from Dosinamalaoe, Jun 1938, Buwalda 5206 (BO). Irian Jaya. Bernhard Camp, Idenburg River, Apr 1939, Brass 14048 (BRI, CANB). Austrobaileya 4(1): 113-116 (1993) Papua New Guinea, Manus Province: Pelikawa, SW Manus, 2°07’S, 146°44’E, Jun 1971, Stone & Streimann LAE5S3728 (LAE). East Sepik PROVINCE: Leitre Village, 2°50’S, 141°35’E, Mar 1964, Sayers NGF19566 (BRI, LAE); Passam, 3°48’S, 148°35’E, Apr 1989, Hawkeswood [AQ470256] (BRD). New Brirain Province: Matanakunei, 4°52’S, 151°43’E, Mar 1968, Ridsdale & KatikNGF36774 (LAE). MADANG Province: Bunapas Mission, 4°13’S, 144°41’E, Jul 1992, Forster 10980 & Liddle (BRI, L, LAE, QRS); Headwaters of Dom River, 4°58’S, 145°45’E, Jul 1992, Forster 10776 & Liddle (BRI, LAE); Gogol River Headwaters, 5°05’S, 145°27°E, Jul 1992, Forster 11081 & Liddle (BRI, LAE); Mis, 3 km NW of Madang, 5°12’S, 145°46’E, Jun 1992, Forster 10765 & Liddle (BRI). Morospe PROVINCE: c. 19 miles [30.4km] W of Lae, 6°37’S, 146°45’E, Jan 1962, Hartley 9793 (LAE); University of Technology, Lae, 6°38’S, 146°58’E, Jul 1992, Forster 10990 & Liddle (A,B, BRI, DNA, K, L, LAE, MEL, NY, QRS); 11 kmfrom Markham River Bridge along road to Labu, 6°45’S, 146°54’E, Jul 1992, Forster 11071 & Liddle (BRI, L, LAE); 49 km along road to Bulolo, off Lae to Nadzeb road, 6°49’S, 146°38’E, Jul 1992, Forster 11064 & Liddle (BRI, LAE). WESTERN Province: Lake Daviumbu, Middle Fly River, Aug 1936, Brass 7575 (BRI, LAE); Pangoa Airstrip, Lake Murray, 8°05’S, 141°1S’E, Mar 1968, Millar NGF35416 (BRI, LAE). CENTRAL Province: Kubuna, Nov 1933, Brass 5647 (BRI). MILNE BAY Province: Sewa Bay, Normanby Island, 10°00’S, 150°5S’E, Oct 1971, Streimann & Lelean LAESI950 (BRI, LAE). Australia, Queens- land. Cook District: Mt Cornwallis, Dauan Island, 9°26’ S, 142°32’E, Feb 1989, Gray 5031 (QRS); cultivated at Emerald Creek near Mareeba (ex plant collected on Mt Cornwallis, Dauan Island), Dec 1991, Liddle IML909 (BRD, Distribution and habitat; Collections of this plant have been made in Central, East Sepik, Madang, Manus, Morobe, New Britain, Milne Bay and Western Provinces in Papua New Guinea, in Irian Jaya and the Aru Islands in Indonesia and on Dauan Island, Torres Strait in Queensland. Plants grow as epiphytes in low- land rainforest and may be common on street trees in villages and towns in Madang and Morobe provinces. Notes: A key to distinguish the species of Dischidia in Australia is given here. 1. Mature leaves often pitcher-like, corolline corona present at base of GOEGIIDAIGBES §. i srs aie lol alah Macey Be ee Ewe RK ooo Ee le aie elects Magy ih Mune gt Shag i oes, Ries D. major Mature leaves flattened, never pitcher-like; corolline corona absent................... 2 2. Leaf lamina green to red-brown, not mealy-white, variegated on upper SULT AS aan 5 oacice Sea oak atte Ink Gai! BSa al: bn! Hla nn Dad latent 4 FE Lads APR ee MP rd dhe BY Sr EOE Dost her ah, Bee Pl D. ovata Forster & Liddle, Dischidia littoralis 115 eal of + Oe Tenet, af ‘4 ' ahs: ' een? +74 “rane Oa tte Nee we wy Sa be + + + HE 2 =e Pry aes Seis tebe BA ae 3 ad = yare ¥ Fig. 1. Dischidia littoralis: A. habit of flowering stem x 1. B. face view of flower x 20. C. side view of flower x 5. D. half flower x 5, E. side view of corolla lobe showing hairs at base x 10. F. internal view of corolla lobe showing hairs at base x 10, G. face view of gynostegium and staminal corona x 20. H. side view of gynostegium and staminal corona x 10, I. pollinarium x 40. All drawn from live material of Liddle IML909, Del. DJ, Liddle. ac momma Na WNYC RS 6 116 Austrobaileya 4(1): 113-116 (1993) 3. Leaf lamina orbicular, 7-14 mm long; corolla lobes ovate .............. D. nummularia Leaf lamina elliptic-ovate, 18—30 mm long; corolla lobes lanceolate ......... D. littoralis Conservation status; With respect to the Aus- tralian flora, D. littoralis is an endangered and poorly collected plant. An appropriate conser- vation coding ts 2V+ (cf. Briggs & Leigh 1988). In New Guinea it appears to be common and widespread. Acknowledgements Bruce Gray kindly gave us live material of this species to grow. The Directors and staff at Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) and the Papua New Guinea National Herbarium (LAE) as- sisted in our visits to those institutions. Dr. B. Leuenberger (B) provided a listing of extant type material of Asclepiadaceae named by Schlechter held at that mstitute. Our visit to Papua New Guinea was made possible by a Fellowship from the Christensen Research In- stitute at Madang and Dr M. Jebb cheerfully provided facilities and logistic support despite continual vehicle attrition and other problems. Dr. G. Stocker assisted greatly with our visit to Lae and together with Dr. T. Daniel (CAS) assisted 1n the field. Mr T. Hawkeswood col- lected material for us in East Sepik Province. All of this assistance is gratefully acknowl- edged. References Briccs J.D, & Letcu, J.H. (1988). Rare or Threatened Australian Plants. 1988 Revised Edition. Austral- tan National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publication No. 14. Canberra: Australian National Parks and Wildltfe Service. ForsTEr. P.I. & Lippe, D.J. (1988). Studies on the Austral- asian Asclepiadaceae, IV. Dischidia R. Br. in Aus- tralia. Austrobaileya 2: 507-514. Runtz, R.E. (1980). The peninsular Malayan species of Dischidia (Asclepiadaceae), Blumea 26: 81-126. SCHLECHTER , R, (1905). Periplocaceae, Asclepiadaceae. In K. Schumann & K. Lauterbach (eds), Nachtrdge zur Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Stidsee. 351-369, Leipzig: Gebruder Borntraeger. Austrobaileya 4(1): 117-118 (1993) Notes Nomenclatural changes in Spermacoce L. (Rubiaceae) Since the genus Borreria G. Meyer was segre- gated from Spermacoce L., authors worldwide have variously accepted or disregarded the split. The only reliable character by which the genera may be distinguished 1s the mode of dehiscence of the fruit. Specimens with flowers only are impossible to refer to either genus with any certainty. This problem was discussed at some length by Verdcourt (1975) in justifying reunit- ing the genera in his treatment of these plants in the African flora. Barly workers on the Australian flora (Mueller 1863; Bentham 1867; Bailey 1900) recognised only Spermacoce. The majority of the currently recognised Australian species were described at this time. Later authors (Schumann 189; Valeton 1911; Merrill & Perry 1945; Specht 1958; Chippendale 1960) who accepted Meyer’ s genus described a number of new species and made combinations for many Spermacoce taxa under Borreria. Others (Domin 1929; Fosberg 1988) persisted in recognising only Spermacoce. The result of this is that most Australian species have validly published names irrespective of which concept of the two genera is accepted. Verdcourt’s conservative and highly practical view of recognising only Spermacoce has been adopted by recent Australian authors (Fosberg 1988; Wheeler 1992). Pending acriticalreview of these genera in Australia, this view has con- siderable merit. New combinations are there- fore provided here for the only two named Australian species lacking valid names under Spermacoce. Spermacoce gilliesiae (Specht) J. Clarkson, comb. nov. Borreria gilliesae Specht, Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedi- tion to Arnhem Land 3: 304 (1958). Type: Accepted for publication 8 April 1993 Australia, Northern Territory, Hemple Bay, Groote Eylandt, R.L. Specht 423 (holo: BRI). The termination of the epithet is corrected herein line with Article 32.5 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Greuter et al. 1988). Specht named the plant for his wife Marion A. Gillies (Specht pers. comm.). Spermacoce omissa J. Clarkson nom. nov. Spermacoce suffruticosa R. Br. ex Benth., Flora Australiensis 3: 443 (1867), nom. illeg., non S. suffruticosa Loefl. (1758) nec S. suffruticosa Hill (1764) nec S. suffruticosa Sprengel (1824). Borreria suffruticosa Specht, Records of the Ameri- can-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land 3: 473 (1958). Type: Aus- tralia, islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown sn Gsosyn: MEL!). Bentham’s name is illegitimate being a later homonym of S. suffruticosa Loefl. Specht adopted Bentham’s epithet in publishing aname for the plant under Borreria, which, under Arti- cle 72.2 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature is taken to be anew name. The epithet omissa, from the Latin omissus meaning neglected or disregarded, is a reference to this species lacking a valid name in Spermacoce for well over a century. Acknowledgments I am grateful to Peter Weston, Australian Bo- tanical Liaison Officer at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, who obtained photocopies of a number of obscure references; Clyde Dunlop of the Northern Territory Herbarium, Darwin, who rekindled my waning interest in Sperm-acoce; and Rod Henderson of the Queensland Her- barium, Indooroopilly, who provided advice on a number of nomenclatural matters. SAPS Ee ee aa sisawameri ARERR ASTD Se eee A et A a AN EM eel 118 References BaiLey, F.M. (1900). The Queensland Flora 3: 777-780. Brisbane; Queensland Government. BENTHAM, G. (1867). Flora Australiensis 3: 438-443, London: Lovell Reeve & Co. CHIPPENDALE, G. (1960). Contributions to the flora of central Australia, No. 1. Transactions of the Royal Soctety of South Australia 83: 199-203. Domin, K. (1929). Beitrige zur Flora und Pflanzengeographie Australiens. Bibliotheca Botanica 89(7): 1182-1183. Fosserc, F. R. (1988). New and noteworthy plants from Great Barrier Reef sand cays, Australia. Brittonia 40(1): 52-65. GrReEuTER, W. ef al. (1988), International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Regnum Vegetabile 118. J. R. Clarkson Austrobaileya 4(1): 117-118 (1993) MERRILL, E.D. & Perry, L.M. (1945). Plantae Archboldianae, XV. Journal of the Arnold Arbore- fum 26: 34-36. MUELLER, F.J.H. (1863). Fragmenta Phytographiae— Australiae 4: 41-44. Melbourne: Government Printer, SCHUMANN, K.M. (1891). In Engler, H.G.A. & Prantl, K.A.C., Die Natlirlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(4): 144, | SPECHT, R.L. (1958), Records of the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land. Vol, 3. Carlton: University of Melbourne Press. VALETON, T, (1911). Nova Guinea 8: 516. VerpDcourT, B. (1975). Studies in the Rubiaceae- Rubioideae, Kew Bulletin 30(2): 301-322. WHEELER, J.R. (ed) (1992). Flora of the Kimberley Region. Western Australia: Department of Conservation and Land Management. Queensland Herbarium, Mareeba Office, PO Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880, Australia Austrobaileya 4(1): 119-120 (1993) Notes The correct names for two Australian varieties of Ficus L. (Moraceae) It appears that many botanists are still unaware of the significance of changes in relation to autonyms, made in the nomenclature sessions at the International Botanical Congress in Sydney in 1981. At that time, it was decided that autonyms be accepted as validly published and dating (only) from the publication in which they were established, and that they have priority over the names that established them. These changes are still in force and are covered by Articles 32.6 and 57.3 of the current Interna- tional Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) (Greuter et al. 1988). In the genus Ficus L., there are two varieties occurring in northern Australia which need renaming to acknowledge the standing of autonyms which apply to them, if the taxonomy of the genus as detailed by Chew (1989), based on that of Corner (1960 a & b, 1961 and 1965), is accepted. Application of the ICBN to Chew’s accountrequires thatnew combinations be made for the taxa presently recognised as F. opposita var. micracantha (Miq.) Corner and F’. platypoda var. angustata (Mig.) Corner. Ficus opposita var. aculeata (Miq.) R.J.F. Hend., comb. nov., based on Ficus aculeata Miq., London J. Bot. 7: 426 (1848); F. aculeata Mig. var. aculeata, Bentham, FI. Austral. 6: 175 (1873). Type: ‘Tn Ora boreali (Novae Holl.?), Hb. Hook.’ (holo: 7K, n.¥.). F. micracantha Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3: 221 (1867); F. aculeata var. micracantha (Miq.) Benth., FI. Austral. 6: 175 (1873); F. opposita var. micracantha (Miq.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 17: 471 (14960). Type: Cairnscross Is., Qld, F. Mueller (holo: K, fide Chew (1989), n.¥.). Accepted for publication 5 March 1993 (See Chew, Flora of Australia 3: 57 (1989), for further synonyms.) Bentham’s publication of F. aculeata var. micracantha tn 1873 established the autonym F, aculeata var. aculeata which now is taken as validly published, dating from 1873 and having priority over F. aculeata var. micracantha should the two names be considered synony- mous, which both Corner (1960a) and Chew (1989) in effect did. The names F. aculeata and F. aculeata var. aculeata have the same nomenclatural type but they date from different publications at different times. Corner had no option in 1960 but to make a new combination based on Bentham’s F. aculeata var. micracantha, then the earliest legitimate name in varietal rank available for the taxon con- cerned. However, after 1981, when this Bentham name was superseded by the autonym it estab- lished as the earliest legitimate combination in varietal rank available for naming the variety, a new combination should have been made for that variety in Chew’s ‘Flora of Australia’ ac- count. This situation is rectified above. Ficus platypoda var. leichhardtii (Mig.) R.J.F. Hend., comb. nov. based on Urostigma leichhardtit Miq., J. Bot. Neerl. 1: 235 (1862); Ficus leichhardtii (Mig.) Mig.., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3: 268, 287 (1867); Ficus leichhardtii(Miq.) Mia. var. leichhardtii, Miquei, Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3; 268 (1867). Type: Cape Cleveland, Qld, F. Mueller (holo: IL. ). Ficus leichhardtii var.angustata Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugduno-Batavum 3; 268 (1867); Ficus platypoda var. angustata (Mig.) Corner, Gard. Bull. Singapore 21: 27 (1965). Type: Whitsunday Is., Qld, Henne (iso: NSW, fide Chew (1989), n.v.). (See Chew, Flora of Australia 3: 46 (1989), for further synonyms.) 120 When describing F. leichhardtii var. angustata in 1867, Miquel created the autonym F. leichhardtii var. leichhardtii which is now taken as validly published and having priority over F. leichhardtii var. angustataif the two are treated as applying to the same taxon. As Chew (1989), following Corner (1965), accepted that this is the case, he should have made a new combination under F. platypoda using the ep1- thet leichhardtiifor the variety concerned, rather than accepting Corner’s combination FP. platypoda var. angustata for it. Though this latter name was the correct one for the variety until 1981, when the International Botanical Congress changed the status of autonyms, Cor- ner’s name for it became unacceptable. The combination made above rectifies the situation. If F. platypoda var. leichhardtiiis united with F. platypoda var. lachnocaulos (Miq.) Benth. following Chew’s comments about the similarity of these two varieties, the correct name for the combined taxon would continue to be F. platypoda var. leichhardtii because Miquel’s autonym F. leichhardtii var. leichhardtii would be the earliest legitimate name in varietal rank available for this taxon. Note that the final epithet in the name F’ platypoda var. lachnocaulos has been corrected to follow ICBN Arts. 23.5 and 32.5, and Stearn (1987, p. 264). Rodney J. F. Henderson Austrobaileya 4(1): 119-120 (1993) References Cuew, W.-L. (1989). Moraceae. Ficus. Flora of Australia 3: 26-68. Corner, E.J.H. (1960a). Taxonomic notes on Ficus Linn., Asia and Australasia, Sections I~4, The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 17: 368-485. (1960b). Taxonomic notes on Ficus Linn., Asia and Australasia. Sections 5 & 6, The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 18: 1-69. (1961). Taxonomic notes on Ficus Linn., Asia and Australasia. Addendum. The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 18: 83-97. (1962). Taxonomic notes on Ficus Linn., Asia and Australasia. Addendum Il. The Gardens’ Bulle- tin Singapore 19; 385-401. (1965). Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australa- sia with keys to identification. The Gardens’ Bulle- fin Singapore 21: 1-186. GREUTER, W., BurDET, H. M., CHALONER, W.G., DEMOULIN, V., GROLLE, R., HAwKswortu, D. L., Nicotson, D. H., Sitva, P. C., Srarteu, F. A., Voss, E. G. & McNEILL, J. (eds) (1988), International code of botanical nomenclature, adopted by the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-Au- gust 1987. Reenum Vevetabile 118. STEARN, W.T. (1987). Botanical Latin, 3rd ed., 4th impres- sion. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia Austrobaileya 4(1): 121-127 (1993) Notes The distribution and habitats of three presumed rare species from Cape York Peninsula With the advent of Queensland (Nature Conser- vation Act 1992) and Federal legislation (En- dangered Species Bill 1992) designed to protect rare and threatened flora and fauna, it is impor- tant that sufficient data be gathered on any taxon to accurately assess its rarity status. For Cape York Peninsula, defined here as all of Queens- land north of 16°S, Thomas and McDonald (1989) list 324 species of vascular plants as rare or threatened. These species and their rarity status are listed in Clarkson (in press). Briggs and Leigh (1988) list 633 vascular plant species as rare or threatened for the much larger Cook Pastoral District (approximately twice the area). While this is the largest number recorded for a pastoral district in Australia, 1t is much smaller than the 1203 species listed for the comparably sized Southwest Province of Western Australia. A summary of the number of vascular plants in each rarity code for three regions is given. in Table 1. Northern Queensland has a diverse flora, and the rare and threatened species listed make up a significant proportion of those listed for Australia (Cape York Peninsula 9.7%, Cook Pastoral District 19.0%). However, the major- ity of those species listed by both authorities are not under immediate threat; 86% of those listed are rare or poorly known. It is important to note that of the 324 species listed for Cape York Peninsula, 198 species (61%) are confined to therelativelyrestricted rainforest habitats (<15% ofthe area). (Figures are derived from Thomas & McDonald (1989)). Development pressures over most of Cape York Peninsula are presently of low intensity. However, recently there have been some sig- nificant sized areas cleared for pasture im- provement (e.g. 800 ha at Kalinga Station north of Laura), and infrastructure developments (Shurga Royal Australian Air Force airfield, east of Weipa), and an increasing number of tourists in the region. It is likely that human disturbance to the environment will increase in impact in the future. Our knowledge of plant distribution and ecology is still limited, so as more data becomes available, it is inevitable that the composition and size of the rare and threatened plant list for the area will change considerably. This paper examines the conservation status of three pre- sumed rare species in the light of additional habitat and distribution data gathered during the vegetation survey and mapping of Far Northern Queensland (Neldner & Clarkson, in prep.). Table 1. Summary statistics of rare and threatened vascular plants for three regions Cape York Peninsula Thomas & McDonald (1989) Cook District Briggs & Leigh (1988) Accepted for publication 12 March 1993 AE STEEN ENE TRESS Mnireveeanerinnenpeteineneareaneay aa a a NN ab NenCRRM CREE merece hy 122 1. Neofabricia mjoebergii (Cheel) Joy Thomps. (Myrtaceae) Neofabricia mjoebergii was first described by Cheel (1919) as a species of Leptospermum. Thompson (1983), in a precursor to her Leptospermum revision, described a new ge- nus, Neofabricia, to accommodate two species related to Leptospermum but separate from that genus. A detailed description and illustration of N. mjoebergii were provided in a later revision of Neofabricia (Clarkson & Thompson 1989), Sixteen specimens of NV. mjoebergii were exam- ined for that revision. All were collected be- tween latitudes 14°30’S and 15°30’S on Cape York Peninsula (see Figure 1). Since that revision, specimens from four additional localities have been lodged in the Queensland Herbarium (BRI). No additional collecting localities were found when examin- ing specimens in the Australian National Her- barium, Atherton (QRS). Additional specimens: Queensland, Coox District: Lower Lumbar Lagoon, 15°-’S, 144°E, Sept 1986, Harger [Hanger]; 5.4 km S of Hann River, 15°13’S, 143°54’E, Nov 1989, Ne/dner 2857 & Clarkson, 14.4 km W of Lake Emma, 15°21’S, 144°31’E, May 1989, Clarkson 7931; 6 km SE of Sefton homestead, 15°26’S, 142°39’E, Aug 1992, Clarkson 7937 & Neldner. This species has also been recorded, but not collected, at ten detailed and twenty obser- vational sites by Neldner and Clarkson with five sites (8, 548, 754, 755 and 773) occurring in Lakefield National Park. This new data extends the known distribution of the species, particu- larly in a south westerly direction. Locality details of sites are given in Appendix I. Habitat notes: A general description of the habitat of this species was given by Clarkson and Thompson (1989, p. 293), viz ‘occurs in open forests and woodlands dominated by Eu- calyptus and Melaleuca species, usually associ- ated with white sands. The understorey ofthese communities is often shrubby’. A much clearer description of the habitats of this species can now be given. Neofabricia mjoebergii forms a component of the canopy tree layer (8—13 m tall) ofa woodland to low open-forest as defined by Specht (1970), (20-35% Projective Foliage Austrobaileya 4(1): 121-127 (1993) Cover (PFC)), dominated usually by Thryp- tomene oligandra and Melaleuca viridiflora. Neofabricia mjoebergti, Acacia torulosa and Grevillea pteridifolia are frequently codominant canopy trees. Other frequent canopy species are Asteromyrtus symphyocarpa, Melaleuca stenostachya, Parinari nonda and Syzygium eucalyptoides. An open low tree layer (S—7 m tall) and an open low shrub layer (0.5—1.5 m tall) are usually also present. These layers are com- posed of smaller individuals of the canopy spe- cies plus Acacia crassicarpa, A. platycarpa and Petalostigma pubescens in the low tree layer, and Alyxia spicata, Hibiscus meraukensis and Jacksonia thesioides in the low shrub layer. The ground layer is open (15—25% PFC) and com- posed of grasses, sedges and forbs. The major- ity of the ground layer biomass is composed of grasses (Aristida spp., Eriachne spp., Ectrosia leporina, Schizachyrium spp. and Thaumastochloa spp.). This vegetation association occurs pre- dictably as a narrow band between the rolling sand ridges dominated by Eucalyptus tetrodonta woodlands and the longitudinal drainage de- pressions dominated by Melaleuca citrolens, M. viridiflora or M. saligna low open wood- lands (See Figure 2). It occurs on rudimentary podzols which are composed almost entirely of siliceous sands, and overlie clay hardpans. In this situation, the association probably receives downslope seepage for much of the year, which would account for the high density of trees and shrubs. In the area south of Cape Melville, NV. mjoebergii occurs in a similar woodland, adja- cent to drainage lines dominated by Melaleuca leucadendra. This association has been mapped. by Neldner and Clarkson (in prep.) as a distinct map unit which occurs widely and moderately extensively throughout the range of N. mjoebergii as shown in Figure 1. Conservation status: Due to the limited number of specimens available for study in herbaria and the relatively restricted distributional range as indicated by these specimens (collected mainly from around Musgrave), N. mjoebergii was afforded a conservation status rating of 2R by Thomas and McDonald (1987, 1989) and Briggs and Leigh (1988). 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