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The Catholic encyclopedia
Charles George Herbermann, Edward Aloysius Pace, Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee, Conde Benoist Pallen, Thomas ...
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The Catholic Encyclopedia
VOLUME ELEVEN
New Mexico— Philip
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THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE, DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH
EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LLD. EDWARD A. PACE, Ph.D., D.D. CONDE B. PALLEN, Ph.D., LL.D. THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, &J.
ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS
FIFTEEN VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XI
SPECIAL EDITION
UNDKK THE AUSPICES OF
THE KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS CATHOLIC TRUTH COMMITTEE
Hew Jfforft THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC
Digitized by
Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1911 REMY LAFORT, S.T.D.
csnnoB
Imprimatur
+JOHN CARDINAL FARLEY
ARCHBIfiHOP OF NKW TOBX
Copyright, 1911 By Robert Appleton Company
Copyright, 1918 Bt THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.
The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholio Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, includ- ing the right of translation and reproduction,
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Contributors to the Eleventh Volume
AHAUS, HUBERT, 8.T.D., Ph.D., St. Joseph's College, Mill Hill, London: Orders, Holy.
AHERNE, CORNELIUS, Rector, Professor of New Testament Exegesis, St. Joseph's Col- lege, Mill Hill, London: Pasch or Passover.
AHERNE, JAMES, South Omaha, Nebraska: Omaha, Diocese of.
ALDASY, ANTAL, Ph.D., Archivist of the Li- brary of the National Museum, Budapest: Olah, Nicolaus.
ALLARIA, ANTHONY, C.R.L., S.T.D., Abbot of S. Teodoro, Lector of Philosophy and Theol- ogy, Genoa: Peter de Honestis; Peter Fourier, Saint; Peter Nolasco, Saint; Peter of Arbues, Saint; Peter of Verona, Saint.
ALMOND, JOSEPH CUTHBERT, O.S.B., Supe- rior of Parker's Hall, Oxford: Oa tee's Plot; Oblati; Ohvetans.
AMADO, RAMON RUIZ, S.J., LL.D., Ph.L., Col- legb of St. Ignatius, Sarria, Barcelona : Orense, Diocese of; Orihuela, Diocese of ; Osma, Diocese of; Oviedo, Diocese of; Palencia, Diocese and University of; Pamplona, Diocese of.
ANGLIN, HON. FRANCIS ALEXANDER, K.C., Puisne Judge, Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa: Ontario.
ARENDZEN, J. P., Ph.D., S.T.D., M.A. (Cantab.), Professor of Sacred Scripture, St. Edmund's College, Ware, England: Occult Art, Occult-
ATTER1DGE, ANDREW HILLIARD, London: Periodical Literature, Catholic, England.
AUGUSTINE, FATHER, O.S.F.C., Franciscan Capuchin Monastery, Dublin: Nugent, Fran- cis.
AUSTIN, SISTER MARY STANISLAUS, St. Catharine's Convent or Mercy, New York: O'Reilly, Hugh.
AVELING, FRANCIS, S.T.D., London: Phenom- enalism.
BACCHUS, FRANCIS JOSEPH, B.A., The Ora- tory, Birmingham, England: Pachomius, Saint; Pammachius, Saint; Pamphilius of Caxarea, Saint: Pan tonus; Paul the Hermit, Saint; Paul the Simple, Saint; Peter of Alexandria, Saint; Philastnus, Saint.
BANDELIER, AD. F., Hispanic Society of Amer- ica, New York: Pedro de Cordova.
BANGHA, ADALBERT V., S.J., Member of the Catholic Philosophical Society op Thomas Aquinas (Budapest), Innsbruck, Austria: Pazmany, Peter.
BARNES, Mgr. ARTHUR STAPYLTON, M.A. (Oxon. and Cantab.), Cambridge, England: Passion of Jesus Christ in the Four Gospels.
BARRETT, MICHAEL, O.8.B., Buckie, Scotland: Ogilvie, John, Venerable.
BARRY, WILLIAM CANON, S.T.D., Leamington, England: Oxford Movement; Parables.
BAUMBERGER, GEORG, Knight of the Order of St. Sylvester, Editor-in-Chief, "Neub Ztt richer Nachrichten", Zurich: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Switzerland.
BAUMGARTEN, Mgr. PAUL MARIA, J.U.D., S.T.D., Rome: Old Catholics.
BECHTEL, FLORENTINE, S.J., Professor of Hebrew and Sacred Scripture, St. Louis University, St. Louis: Noe; Paralipomenon, The Books of; Pharao.
BENIGNI, Mgr. UMBERTO, Prothonotart Apostouc Partecipante, Professor of .Ecclesiastical History, Pontificia Accademia dei Nobili Ecclbsiastici, Rome: Nicastro; Nicosia; Nicoteraand Tropea, Diocese of; Nocera, Diocese of: Nocera dei Pagani, Diocese of; Nola, Diocese of; Non Expedit; Norcia, Diocese of; Noto, Diocese of; Novara, Diocese of; Nusco, Diocese of; Ogliastra, Diocese of; Oppido Mamer- tina, Diocese of; Oris, Diocese of; Oristano, Dio- cese of; Orvieto, Diocese of; Osimo, Diocese of; Ostia and Velletri, Diocese of; Otraoto, Arch- diocese of; Pacca, Bartolommeo; Padua, Diocese and University of; Pagano, Mario; Palermo, Archdiocese and University of; Palestrina, Dio- cese of; Parma, Diocese of: Paruta, Paolo; Passaglia, Carlo; Passionei, Domenico; Patti, Diocese of; Pavia, Diocese and University of; Penne and Atri, Diocese of; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Italy; Perugia, Archdiocese of; Pesaro, Diocese of; Pescia, Diocese of.
BERTRIN, GEORGES, Lrrr.D., Fellow of the University, Professor op French Litera- ture, Institct Catholique, Paris: Olivier de la Marche; Ozanam, Antoine-Frederic.
BEWERUNGE, H., Professor of Church Music, Maynooth College, Dublin: Organ.
BIHL, MICHAEL, O.F.M., Lector of Ecclesiasti- cal History, Collegio San Bonaventura, Quaracchi, Florence: Orbellis, Nicolas d'; Pacificus of Ceredano; Pacificus of San Severino, Saint.
BLANC, JOSEPH, S.M., Nukualofa, Tonga Islands: Oceania, Vicariate Apostolic of.
BLANCHLN, F., O.M.L, S.T.D., Oblate Scholas- tic ate, Ottawa, Canada: Oblates of Mary Immaculate.
BLENK, JAMES H., S.M., S.T.D., Archbishop of New Orleans, Louisiana: Pefialver y Cardenas, Louis.
BOUDINHON,AUGUSTE-MARIE,S.T.D.,D.C.L., Director, "Canoniste Contemporain", Pro- fessor of Canon Law, Instttut Catholique, Paris: Nomination; Nomocanon; Notaries; Notoriety, Notorious; Ordinariate; Ordinary; Parish; Parochial Mass; Penitential Canons.
BOWDEN, HENRY SEBASTIAN, The Oratory, London: Oratory of St. Philip Neri, The.
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
BRAUN, JOSEPH S.J., Sr. Ignatius College, CHISHOLM Valkenburo, Holland: Pallium; Pectorale.
BRAUNSBERGER, OTTO, 8.J., St. Ignatius Col- lege, Valkenburo, Holland: Peter Canisius, Blessed.
BREHIER, LOUIS-RENE, Professor of Ancient and Medieval History, University of Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-D6me, France: Nogaret, Guillaume de; Palaeography; Pastou- reaux, Crusade of the; Peter de Blois; Peter the Hermit.
BRENNAN. M. H., Devil's Lake, North Dakota: North Dakota.
BRIDGE, JAMES, S.J., M.A. (Oxon.), Liverpool, England: Norris, Sylvester; Persecution.
BROWN, CHARLES FRANCIS WEMYSS, Loch- ton Castle, Perthshire, Scotland: Perugia, University of.
BRUCKER, JOSEPH, S.J., Editor of "Etudes", Paris: Parrenin, Dominique.
BRUNAULT, J. S. HERMANN, S.T.D., Bishop of Nicolet, Province of Quebec, Canada: Nicolet, Diocese of.
BRUNET, FRANCIS XAVIER, Vice-Chancellob, Archdiocese of Ottawa, Canada: Ottawa, Archdiocese of.
BURTON, EDWIN, S.T.D., F.R.Hist.Soc., Vice- President, St. Edmund's College, Ware, England: Nicholson, Francis; Noble, Daniel; Northcote. James Spencer; Norwich, Ancient Diocese of ; Odo, Saint, Archbishop of Canter- bury: Offa, King of Mercia; Old Hall (St. Ed- mund's College); Oldham, Hugh; Palmer, Wil- liam; Pandulph; Panzani, Gregorio; Paulinus, Saint, Archbishop of York; Pecock, Reginald; Penal Laws, I. In England, II. In Scotland; Pendleton, Henry; Peyto, William.
BYRNE, JEROME FRANCIS, Superior General, Brothers op St. Patrick, Jullow, Ireland: Patrician Brothers.
CABROL, FERNAND, O.S.B., Abbot of St. Michael's, Farnborough, England: Nocturns; None; Occurrence; Octavarium Romanum; Oc- tave: Office, Divine; Office of the Dead; Pax in the Liturgy.
CALES, JEAN, S.J., Professor of Old Testament Exegesis, Enqhien, Belgium: Osee.
CALLAN, CHARLES J., O.P., S.T.L., Professor op Philosophy, Dominican House of Stud- ies, Washington: Orthodoxy.
CAMERLYNCK, ACHILLE, S.T.D., Member of the"SociETE Belge de Sociologie", Professor of Sacred Scripture and Sociology, Episco- pal Seminary, Bruges, Belgium: Philemon.
CARROLL, JAMES J., S.T.D., Bishop of Nueva Segovia, Philippine Islands: Nueva Segovia, Diocese of.
CASTETS, J., S.J., Professor of Philosophy and Political Science, St. Joseph's College, Trichinopoly, India: Nobili, Robert de'.
CHAPMAN, JOHN, O.S.B., B.A. (Oxon.), Prior, St. Thomas's Abbey, Erdington, Birmingham, England: Novatian and Novatianism ; Optatus, Saint; Papias, Saint; Patrology; Paul of Samo- sata; Peregrinus.
SHOLM, JOSEPH ANDREW, K.CU M.A., LL.B., Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia.
CLUGNET, JOSEPH-LEON-TIBURCE, Lrrr.L., Bourg-la-Reine, Seine, France: Ouen, Saint; Perpetuus, Saint.
CONWAY. KATHERINE ELEANOR, Boston: O'Reilly, John Boyle.
COSSIO, ALUIGI, S.T.D., S.S.D., J.U.D., Bacca-
LAUREUS AND LlCENTIATUS OF THE UNIVERSITY
of Padua, Rome: Paulinus II, Saint, Patriarch of Aquileia.
CRAM, RALPH ADAMS, F.R.G.S., F.Am.Inst. Architects, President, Boston Society of Architects, Boston: Niche; Palladio, Andrea.
CRATIN, SISTER M. MAGDALEN, Baltimore, Maryland: Oblate Sisters of Providence.
CRIVELLI CAMILLUS, S.J., Professor of Gen- eral History, Instituto Cienitfico, City of Mexico: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Mexico.
CROFT, Mgr. WILLIAM PROVOST, P.A., V.G., Diocese of Nottingham, Lincoln, England: Nottingham, Diocese of.
CROFTON, K., New York: Parahyba, Diocese of.
CRONIN, Mgr. CHARLES JOHN, S.T.D., Vicb- Rector, English College, Rome: Petitions to the Holy See.
CROW, FREDERICK AIDAN CANON, O.S.B., Llanishen, Cardiff, Wales: Newport, Diocese of.
CUTHBERT, FATHER, O.8.F.C., Crawley, Sus- sex, England: Persico, Ignatius.
D' ALTON, E. A., LL.D., M.R.I.A., Athenhy, Ire- land: C'Connell, Daniel; O'Fihely, Maurice; O'Hanlon, John; O'Neill, Hugh; O'Neill, Owen Roe; O'Reilly, Edmund; Ossory, Diocese of; O'Sullivan Beare, Philip; Penal Laws, III. In Ireland.
DALY, JOSEPH J., S.J., Professor of English Literature, Ateneo de Manila, Philippine Islands: Nueva Caceres, Diocese of.
DEASY, JOHN A., M.A., LL.B., Cincinnati, Ohio: Ohio.
DEDIEU, JOSEPH, Lrrr.D., Institut Catholique, Toulouse, France: Peter of Auvergne; Peters- sen, Gerlac.
DEGERT, ANTOINE, Lrrr.D., Editor, "La Revue de la Gascoigne", Professor of Latin Literature, Institut Catholique, France: Nicolas, Augustc; Noailles, Louis- Antoine de; Nonnotte, Claude- Adrien; Ossat, A maud d .
DELAMARRE, LOUIS N., Ph.D., Instructor in French, College of the City of New York: Nio£ron, Jean-Pierre; Paris, Alexis-Paulin; Paris, Gaston-Bruno-Paulin; Perrault, Charles.
DELANY, JOSEPH, S.T.D., New York: Obedience; Occasions of Sin; Omission; Parents; Perjury.
DEVINE, ARTHUR. CP., St. Paul's Retreat, Mount Argus, Dublin: Passionists; Passionist Nuns; Passions; Paul of the Cross, Saint; Per- fection, Christian and Religious.
DE WULF, MAURICE, Member of the Belgian Academy, Professor of Logic and ^Esthetics, University of Lou vain: Nominalism, Realism, Conceptualism.
VI
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
DOUGLAS, ROBERT MARTIN, M.A., LL.D., Greensboro, North Carolina: North Carolina.
DRISCOLL, JAMES F., S.T.D., New Rochelle, New York: Nicodemus; Ointment in Scrip- ture; Onias; Oriental Study and Research; Osias; Patriarch; Pectoral; Pharisees.
DRISCOLL, JOHN THOMAS, M.A., S.T.L., Fonda, New York: O'Callaghan, Edmund Baily.
DRUM, WALTER, S.J., Professor or Hebrew and Sacred Scripture, Woodstock College, Maryland: Parallelism; Patrizi, Francis Xavier; Paul of Burgos; Pereira, Benedict; Perrone, Giovanni; Peach, Tilmann.
D'SOUZA, ANTHONY XAVIER, Bombat, India: Passos (Santos Paasos).
DUBRAY, C. A., S.M.. S.T.B., Ph.D., PRorEssoR or Philosophy, Marist College, Washing- ton: Nourrisson, Jean-Felix.
DUHEM, PIERRE, Professor or Theoretical Physics, University of Bordeaux: Oresme, Nicole.
DUNN, JOSEPH, Ph.D., Professor of Celtic Languages and Literature, Catholic Uni- versity or America, Washington: O'Braein, Ughernach; O'Growney, Eugene; O'Hussey, Maelbright.
EG AN, ANDREW, O.F.M., Professor or Theol- ogy, The Friary, Forest Gate, London: Pecham, John.
ENGELHARDT, ZEPHYRIN, O.F.M., Santa Barbara, California: Padilla, Juan de; Palou, Francisco; Pareja, Francisco; Payeras, Mariano; Peres, Juan.
ESPINOSA, AURELIO MACEDONIO, M.A.,
PH.D., ProFBBSOR OF THE SPANISHUAENGAG L,
Leland Stanford University, San Francisco, California: New Mexico; Penitentes, Los Herman os.
EWING, JOHN GILLESPIE, M.A., New York: Newton, John.
FANNING, WILLIAM H. W., S.J., Professor or Church History and Canon Law, St. Louis University, St. Louis: Obreption; Oratory; Papal Elections; Parish, In English Speaking Countries; Pension, Ecclesiastical.
FENLON, JOHN F., S.S., S.T.D., President, St. Austin's College, Washington: Professor or Sacred Scripture, St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore: Olier, Jean-Jacques.
FERET, P. CANON, Saint-Maurice, France: Pans, University of.
FISCHER, JOSEPH, S.J., Professor of Geogra- phy and History, Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch. Austria: Nicolaus Germ an us; Orte- lius (Oertel), Abraham.
FLAHERTY, MATTHEW J., M.A. (Harvard), Concord, Massachusetts: O'Meara, Kathleen.
FLOOD, JXMES, New Norcia, Australia: New Norcia.
FORD, JEREMIAH D. M., M.A., Ph.D., Profes- sor of the French and Spanish Languages, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachu- setts: Oieda, Alonso de; Parini, Giuseppe; Pellico, Silvio; Petrarch, Francesco.
FORGET, JACQUES, Professor or Dogmatic Theology and the Syriac and Arabic Lan- guages, University or Louvain: Nicole, Pierre.
FORTESCUE, ADRIAN, Ph.D.. S.T.D., Letch- worth, Hertfordshire, England: Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow; Nilus, Saint; Nilus the Younger; Nonnus; (Ecumenius; Offertory; Orate Fratres; Oremus; Orientius; Orsisius: Orthodox Church; Orthodoxy, Feast of; Palladius; Patri- arch and Patriarchate; Paulicians; Peter Mon-
gUB.
FOX, WILLIAM, B.Sc., M.E., Associate Profes- sor of Physics, College of the City or New York: Nollet, Jean-Antoine; Palmieri, Luigi; Peuerbach, Georg von.
FREE LAND, JOHN, Bedford, England: North- ampton, Diocese of.
FRERI, Mgr. JOSEPH, D.C.L., Director General in the United States or the Society for the Propagation of the Faith, New York: Peter-Louis-Marie Chanel, Blessed.
FUENTES, VENTURA, B.A., M.D., Instructor, College of the City of New York: Perez de Hita, Gines.
GABRIELS, HENRY, S.T.D. (Louvain). Bishop of Ogdensburg, New York: Ogdensburg, Diocese of.
GARESCHE, EDWARD FRANCIS, S.J., Sr. Louis University, St. Louis: Nicholas of Tolentino, Saint; Nicolas, Armella.
GEDDES, LEONARD WILLIAM, S.J., St. Bru- no's College, St. Asaph, Wales: Person; Personality.
GERARD, JOHN, S.J., F.L.8., London: Perry, Stephen Joseph.
GEUDENS, FRANCIS MARTIN, C.R.P., Abbot Titular of Barlings, Corpus Christi Priory, Manchester, England: Norbert, Saint; Park, Abbey of the.
GHELLINCK, JOSEPH DE, Professor of Pa- thology and Medieval Theological Liter- ature, Louvain: Petau, Denis: Peter Cantor; Peter Comestor; Peter Lombard.
GIETMANN, GERARD, 8.J., Teacher of Classi- cal Languages and ./Esthetics, St. Ignatius College. Valkenburg, Holland: Niessen- berger, Hans; Nimbus: Oppenordt, Giles-Marie; Orme, Philibertde 1'; PerrauK, Claude; Peruzzi, Baldassare.
GILLET, LOUIS, Paris: Painting, Religious; Peru- gino.
GILLOW, EULOGIO GREGORIO, S.T.D., Arch- bishop of Oaxaca, Mexico: Oaxaca, Arch- diocese of.
G LOUDEN, ATHANASE, Ph.D., Litt.D., Profes- sor of Literature, College St-Michel. Editor, "Lb Patriote", Brussels: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Belgium.
GOYAU, GEORGES, Associate Editor, "Revue des Deux Mondes", Paris: Nice, Diocese of; Ntmes, Diocese of; Normandy; Odo, Bishop of Bayeux; OUe-Laprune, Leon; Oran, Diocese of; Onflamme; Orleans, Councils of ; Orleans, Diocese of: Pamiers, Diocese of; Paris, Archdiocese of; Perigueux, Diocese of; Periodical Literature, Catholic, France; Perpignan, Diocese and Uni- versity of.
vu
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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
GRATTAN-FLOOD, W. H., M.R.I.A., Mus.D., Rosbmount, Enniscortht, Ireland: O'Hagan, Thomas; O'Loghlen, Michael; O'Reilly, Myles William Patrick; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Ireland.
GREY, FRANCIS W., LL.D., Ottawa, Canada: Ottawa, University of.
HAGEN, JOHN G., S.J., Vatican Observatory, Rome: Nicholas of Cusa; Paul of Middelburg.
HANDLEY, MARIE LOUISE, New York: Niccola Pisano; Nola, Giovanni Marliano da.
HANNA, EDWARD J., S.T.D., Professor of Dog- matic Theology and Pathology, St. Ber- nard's Seminary, Rochester, N. Y.: Penance.
HANSEN, NIELS, M.A., Copenhagen, Denmark: Olaf Haraldson, Saint.
HARENT, STEPHANE, S.J., Professor of Dog- matic Theology, Ore Place, Hastings, Eng- land: Original Sin.
HARTIG, OTTO, Assistant Librarian of the Royal Library, Munich: Nubia.
HASSETT, Mgr. MAURICE M., S.T.D., Harris- burg, Pennsylvania: Orans; Orientation of Churches; Palm in Christian Symbolism; Paph- nutius.
HEALY, PATRICK J., S.T.D.. Assistant Profes- sor of Church History, Catholic University of America, Washington: Nicolaites; Para- bolani.
HECKMANN, FERDINAND, O.F.M.. Lector of Church History, Franciscan Monastery, Washington: Nicholas Pieck, Saint; Peter Baptist and Twenty-five Companions, Saints; Peter de Regalado, Saint.
HENRY, H. T., Lrrr.D., Rector of Roman Cath- olic High School for Boys, Professor of English Literature and of Gregorian Chant, St. Charles Seminary, Overbrook, Pennsylvania: Nunc Dimittis; O Antiphons; O Deua Ego Amo Te; O Filii et Filia; O Salu- taris Hostia; Pange Lingua Gloriosi.
HERBERT, JOHN ALEXANDER, Assistant in the Department of MSS., British Museum, London: Odo of Cheriton.
HIGHLEY, MONT F., Assistant Attorney Gen- eral, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Oklahoma.
HILGERS, JOSEPH, S.J., Rome: Novena.
HOEBER, KARL, Ph.D., Editor, " VoLKssatrruNo" and "Akadbmischb Monatsblatter " Co- logne: Otho, Marcus Salvius; Pertinax, Publius Helvius; Pescennius Niger.
HOFMANN, MICHAEL, S.J., Professor of Canon Law, University of Innsbruck, Aus- tria: Nilles, Nikolaus.
HOLWECK, FREDERICK G., St. Louis, Mis- souri: Our Lady, Help of Christians, Feast of; Paschal Tide; Passion of Christ, Commemora- tion of the.
HUDLESTON, GILBERT ROGER, O.S.B., Down- side Abbey, Bath, England: Ninian, Saint; Obedientiaries; Odo of Cambrai, Blessed; Peterborough Abbey.
HUGHES, JAMES, Liverpool, England: Nugent, James.
HULL, ERNEST R. S.J., Editor. "The Exami- ner", Bombay, India: Parsis (Parsees).
HUNTER-BLAIR, SIR D. O., Bart., O.S.B M.A., Fort Augustus Abbey, Scotland: Oxford; Oxford, University of; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Scotland.
HYDE, DOUGLAS, LL.D., Lrrr.D., M.R.I.A., Frenchpark, Co. Roscommon, Ireland: O'Car- olan, Torlogh; O'Conor, Charles; O'Curry, Eugene; O'Daly, Donogh Mor; O'Dugan, John.
HYVERNAT, HENRY, S.T.D., Professor of Semitic Languages and Biblical Archeology, Catholic University of America, Washing- ton: Persecutions, Coptic. >
INGOLD, A. M. P., Director, "Revue d' Alsace ", Colmar, Germany: Oratory, French Congre- gation of the.
ISENRING, JOHN JAMES, O.S.F.S., Childs, Maryland: Oblates of St. Francis de Sales; Orange River, Vicariate Apostolic of.
JARRETT, BEDE, O.P., B.A., (Oxon.); S.T.L., St. Dominic's Priory, London: Papal Arbitra- tion.
JIMENEZ, ENRIQUE, S.J., Lic.Sc., Professor of Mathematics, Instituto de Artes e Indus- trias, Madrid: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Spain.
JONES, ARTHUR EDWARD, S.J., Correspond- ing Member of the Minnesota. Ontario, and Chicago Historical Societies ;TIon. Member of the Missouri Historical Society; Member of the International Congress of Ameri- canists; Archivist of St. Mary's College, Montreal: Petun Nation.
JOYCE, GEORGE HAYWARD, S.J., M.A. (Oxon.), St. Bruno's College, St. Asaph, Wales: Papacy.
JUNGUITO, F. X., Bishop of Panama: Panama, Republic and Diocese of.
HAMPERS, FRANZ, Ph.D., Professor of Medie- val and Modern History, University of Breslau: Notker Physicus: Notker, nephew of Notker Physicus; Notker, Provost of St. Gall; Otto I; Otto II; Otto III; Otto IV; Pepin the Short; Peter de Vinea.
KAUFMANN, CARL MARIA, Editor "For- bchungen zur monument. Th. und vergleich- enden Rel.-Wiss.", Frankfort-on-the-Main: Ostraka, Christian; Overbeck, Friedrich.
KEILY, JARVIS, M.A., Grantwood, New Jersey: Penal Laws in the English Colonies in America.
KELLY, BLANCHE M., New York: Norton, Christopher; Notre Dame de Sion, Congregation of.
KELLY, JOSEPH IGNATIUS, Ph.D., LL.D., Late Professor of Law and Dean of the Law School, Louisiana State University, Chicago, Illinois: Pandects.
KENNEDY, DANIEL J., O.P., S.T.M., Professor of Sacramental Theology, Catholic Uni- versity of America, Washington: Ory, Matthieuj Paludanus, Peter; Pelargus, Ambrose; Peter of Bergamo.
Digitized by
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
KENNEDY, THOMAS, B.A. (National Univer- sity or Ireland), London: New Pomerania, Vicariate Apostolic of; Osaka, Diocese of.
KIRSCH, Mgr. JOHANN P., S.T.D., Professor of Pathology and Christian Arolkology, University of Fribourg: Nicephorua, Saint; Nicetas, Bishop of Remesiana; Nicetius, Saint, Bishop of Trier; Nicholas I, Saint, Pope; Nicome- des, Saint; Notitia Dignitatum: Notitia Pro- vinciarum et Civitatum Africa?; Nuncio; Nuncia- ture Reports; Odilia, Saint: Oldoini, Augustino; Olympias, Saint; Ordeals; Orosius, Paulus; Orsi, Giuseppe Agostino; Orsini; Palatini; Pallavicino, Pietro Sforza; Paschal I, Pope; Paul I, Pope; Pelagia: Peter, Saint; Peter of Sebaste, Saint; Peter Urseolus, Saint; Petronilla, Saint; Petron- ius, Saint; Petrus Bernardinus; Petrus de Natali- bus; Philip, Saint, Apostle.
KRUITWAGEN, BONAVENTURE, O.F.M., Pro- fessor of Ecclesiastical History, Convent of the Friars Minor, Woerden, Holland: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Holland.
LAPPLN, HENRY P. A., O.C.C., Carmelite Col- legb, Trenure, Ireland: Paoli, Angelo, Vener- able.
LATASTE, JOSEPH, Lrrr.D., Superior of the Seminary. Airi-sur-Adour, Landes, France: Pascal, Blaise; Pelliasier, Guillaume; Perraud, Adolphe; Peter of Poitiers.
LAUCHERT, FRLEDRICH, Ph.D., Aachen: Nihus, Barthold; Nikolaus von Dinkelsbuhl; CEcolam- padius, Johann; Ohler, Aloys Karl; Pfefferkorn, Johannes; Pfiater, Adolf; Philanthropinism.
LECLERCQ, HENRI, O.S.B., London: Nicsea, Councils of.
LEJAY, PAUL, Fellow of the University of France, Professor, Institut Catholique, Paris: Paulinus of Pella.
LEROY, ALEXANDER A., C.SS.P., Bishop of Alinda, Superior General of the Congre- gation of the Holy Ghost, Paris: Nigeria, Upper and Lower.
LETANG, H. E., B.C.L., B.D., Pembroke, Prov- ince of Ontario, Canada: Pembroke, Diocese of.
LETELLIER, A., S.S.S., Superior, Fathers of the Blessed Sacrament, New York: Perpetual Adoration, Religious of the : Perpetual Adoration. Sisters of the; Perpetual Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament.
LINDSAY, LIONEL ST. GEORGE, B.Sc., Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief, "La Nouvelle France", Quebec: Peltrie, Madeleine de la; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Canada.
LINEHAN, PAUL H., B.A., Instructor, College of the City of New York: Nunez, Pedro; Ozanam, Jacques; Pacioli (Paciuolo), Lucas.
LIN8, JOSEPH, Freiburg, Germany: Nuremberg; OsnabrQck, Diocese, of; Paderbom, Diocese of; Palatinate, Rhenish; Passau, Diocese of.
LOEHR, AUGUST OCTAV RITTER VON, Ph.D., Assistant Director, Imperial Collection of Coins and Medals, Vienna: Numis- matics.
LOFFLER, KLEMENS, Ph.D., Librarian, Uni- versity of MUnster: Notker, Balbulus: Not- ker, Labeo; Odilio, Saint; Odo, Saint, Abbot of Cluny; Ostrogoths; Otto, Saint; Overberg, Bernnard Heinrich; Pannartz, Arnold; Panta- leon, Saint: Paschasius, Saint; Paulinus, Saint, Bishop of Nola: Peasants, War of the; Periodi- cal Literature, Catholic, Germany; Pez, Bern- hard and Hieronymus; Pforta.
*LOUGHLIN, Mgr. JAMES F., S.T.D., Philadel- phia: Paschal II. Pope; Paul III; Paul IV, Paul V, Popes; Philadelphia, Archdiocese of.
MAAS, A. J., S.J., Rector, Woodstock College, Maryland: Pentateuch.
MacERLEAN, ANDREW A., New York.: Northern Territory, Prefecture Apostolic of the; Nyassa, Vicariate Apostolic of; Olinda, Diocese of; Pasto, Diocese of; Pelotas, Diocese of; Perth, Diocese of.
MacERLEAN, JOHN, S.J., Professor of Hebrew and Ecclesiastical History, Jesuit Scho- lasticate, Milltown Park, Dublin: O'Brua- dair, David.
McGAHAN, FLORENCE RUDGE, M.A., Youngs- town, Ohio: Paulists; Penitential Orders; Penitents, Confraternities of.
McGUIRE, EDWARD J., M.A., LL.B., New York: New York, State of.
McHUGH, JOHN AMBROSE, O.P., S.T.D., Lector of Philosophy, Dominican House of Studies, Washington: Omnipotence.
McKENNA, CHARLES F., Ph.D. (Columbia), Vice-President, Catholic Home Bureau, New York: Orphans and Orphanages.
McNEILL, CHARLES, Dublin: O'Brien, Terence Albert; O'Cullenan, Gelasius; O'Devany, Cor- nelius' O'Donnell, Edmund; O'Hely, Patrick; O'Herlahy, Thomas; O'Hurley, Dermod; O'Queely, Malachias.
MACPHERSON. EWAN, New York: Nicaragua, Republic and Diocese of.
MacSHERRY, HUGH, Titular Bishop of Justini- anopolis, Vicar Apostolic of Eastern Dis- trict of the Cape of Good Hope: Orange Free State.
MacSWEENEY, PATRICK, M.A. (N.U.I.), Lec- turer in English, Maynooth College; Professor of Modern Literature, Holy Cross College, Clonliffe, Dublin: O'Dono- van, John.
MAGNIER, JOHN, C.SS.R., London: Passerat, John, Venerable; Perpetual Succour, Our Lady of.
MANN, HORACE K., Headmaster, St. Cuts- Bert's Grammar School, Newcastle-on-Ttne, England: Pelagius I, Pope; Pelagius II.
MARIQUE, PIERRE JOSEPH, Instructor in French, College of the City of New York: Nothomb, Jean-Baptiste.
MARSH, ERNEST, S.C., New York: Patagonia.
MARTIN, CAROLINE L., Rel. of the Perpet- ual Ador., Washington: Perpetual Adoration, Religious of the.
Digitized by
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
MARTINDALE, CYRIL C, S.J., B.A. (Oxon.), Ore Place, Hastings, England: Oracle; Paganism.
MARY JOSEPHINE, SISTER, Notre Dame Con- vent, Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Notre Dame, School Sisters of.
MEEHAN, ANDREW B., S.T.D., J.U.D., Pro- fessor of Canon Law and Liturgy, St. Ber- nard's Seminary, Rochester, New York: Pall; Pax.
MEEHAN, THOMAS F., New York: Oertel, John James Maximilian; O'Hara, Theodore; O'Hig-
S'ns, Ambrose Bernard; O'Reilly, Bernard; 'Rorke, Patrick Henry; Pannentier, Antoine- Augustin; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Uni- ted States; Peter, Sarah.
MERSHMAN, FRANCIS, O.S.B., S.T.D., Profes- sor of Moral Theology, Canon Law and Liturgy, St. John's College, Collegeville, Minnesota: Othlo; Otto of Passau; Palm Sun- day; Passion Offices; Passion Sunday; Passion- tide; Patronage of Our Lady, Feast of the; Peter Gonzales, Saint; Pflug, Julius von.
MEYNELL, ALICE, London: Patmore, Coventry.
MIDDLETON, THOMAS COOKE, O.S.A., S.T.M., Lector in Philosophy, Villanova College, Pennsylvania: Our Lady of Good Counsel, Feast of.
MOLONEY, WILLIAM A.. C.S.C., Notre Dame, Indiana: Notre Dame du Lac, University of.
MOONEY, JAMES, United States Ethnologist, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washing- ton: PakawA Indians; Pano Indians; Papago Indians ; Peba Indians ; Penelakut Indians ; Penobscot Indians ; Peoria Indians ; Pericui Indians.
MOONEY, JOSEPH F., LL.D., Ph.D., Prothono- tary Apostolic, Vicar-General of the Arch- diocese of New York: New York, Archdiocese of.
MOORE, THOMAS V., C.8.P., St. Thomas Col- lege, Washington: Occasionalism; Optimism; Panpsychism.
MORAN, PATRICK FRANCIS CARDINAL, Archbishop of Sydney, Primate of Austra- lia: Palladius, Saint; Patrick, Saint.
MORENO-LACALLE, JULIAN, B.A., Editor, "Pan-American Union", Washington: Para- guay; Peru.
MULLALY, CHARLES, 8. J., Tortosa, Spain: Oriol, Joseph, Saint.
O'BOYLE, FRANCIS JOSEPH, S.J., St. Louis University, St. Louis: Omer, Saint. .
OBRECHT, EDMOND M., O.C.R., Abbot of Gethbemani, Kentucky: Obazine, Monastery of.
O'CONNOR, JOHN B., O.P.. Sr. Louis Bertrand's Convent, Louisville, Kentucky: Nicholas of Gorran.
O'CONNOR, RICHARD ALPHONSU8, S.T.D., Bishop of Peterborough, Province of Ontario, Canada: Peterborough, Diocese of.
O'HAGAN, THOMAS, M.A., Ph.D., Chicago, Illinois: Pardons of Brittany.
O'HARA, EDWIN V., Portland, Oregon: Oregon; Oregon City, Archdiocese of.
OJETTI, BENEDETTO, S.J., Consultor, S.C.P.F., Consultor, S.C.C., Consultor of the Com- mission on the Codification of Canon Law, Gregorian University, Rome: Palmieri, Dom- enico.
O'LEARY, EDWARD, M.R.I.A., Portarlinoton, Ireland: O'Leary, Arthur.
OLIGER, LIVARIUS, O.F.M., Lector of Eccle- siastical History, Collbgio 8. Antonio, Rome: Nicholas of Osimo; Obregonians; Olivi, Pierre Jean; Pacificus; PanigaroTa, Francesco; Papini, Nicholas; Parkinson, Anthony; Paulinus a St. Bartholomew); Peter of Aquila.
OTT, MICHAEL, O.S.B., Ph.D., Professor of the History of Philosophy, St. John's Col- lege, Collegeville, Minnesota: Nicholas Justinani, Blessed; Nicholas of Flue, Blessed; Nicholas of Myra, Saint; Nirschl, Joseph; No- nontola; Notburga, Saint; Odo of Glanfeuil; Oet- tingen; Oil of Saints; Olesnicki, Zbigniew; Oliva; Orlandini, Niccold; Orval; Othmar, Saint; Ot- tobeuren ; Our Lady of the Snow, Feast of; Pagi, Antoine; Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de; Panvinio, Onofrio; Peter Cellensis; Peter Fullo; Petit-Didier, Matthieu.
OTTEN, JOSEPH, PrrrsBURa, Pennsylvania: Okeghem, Jean d'; Oratorio; Palestrina, Gio- vanni Pierluigi da; Passion Music; Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista; Petrucci, Ottavio dei.
OUSSANI, GABRIEL, Ph.D., Professor, Eccle- siastical History, Early Christian Litera- ture, and Biblical Archeology, St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie, New York: Persia.
PACE, EDWARD A., Ph.D., S.T.D., Professor of Philosophy, Catholic University of Amer- ica, Washington: Pantheism.
PALMIERI, AURELIO, O.S.A., S.T.D., Rome: Nihilism; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Poland.
PAPI, HECTOR, 8.J., Ph.D., B.C.L., 8.T.D., Professor of Canon Law, Woodstock Col- lege, Maryland: Pastor.
PARKER, E. STANISLAUS ANSELM, O.S.B., M.A., Master of Parker's Hall, Oxford: Norfolk, Catholic Dukes of; Odo of Canterbury; Osbald; Osbem; Osmund, Saint; Oswald, Saint,
Archbishop of York; Oswin, Saint; Owen, Ni
Oswald,' Saint, King; icholas.
PARKINSON, HENRY, S.T.D., Ph.D., Rector, Oscott College, Birmingham, England: Oscott (St. Mary's College) ; Patron Saints.
PARSONS, J. WILFRID, S.J., Boston: Oost acker, Shrine of.
PEREZ GOYENA, ANTONIO, S.J., Editor, "Razon y Fe", Madrid: Nieremberg y Otin, Juan Eusebio.
♦PETRIDES, SOPHRONE, A.A., Professor, Greek Catholic Seminary of Kadi-Keui, Constantinople: Nyssa; Obba; Olba; Olympus; Orcistus; Pacandus: Paleopolis; Panemotichus; Paretonium; Parlais; Parnassus; Parcecopolis; Patara; Pednelissus; Perge; Pessinus; Petinessus; Phaselis; Philadelphia.
* Deceased
Digitized by
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
PFEIL, NICHOLAS, B.A., Cleveland, Ohio: Notre Dame, Sisters of (Cleveland).
PHILLIMORE, JOHN 8WINNERTON, M.A. (Oxon.), Professor of Humanities, Univer- sity of Glasgow: Paley, Frederick Apthorp.
PHILLIPS, EDWARD C, S.J., Ph.D., Woodstock College, Maryland: Odington, Walter; Oriani, Barnaba; Pardies, Ignace-Gaston.
PILCZ, ALEXANDER, Member of the French Academy, Extraordinary Professor, Uni- versity of Vienna: Pathology, Mental.
PLASSMAN, THOMAS, O.F.M., Ph.D., S.T.D., Sr. Bonaventure's Seminary, St. Bonaven- ture, New York: Nicholas of Lyra.
POHLE, JOSEPH, S.T.D., Ph.D., J.C.L., Profes- sor of Dogmatic Theology, University of Breslau: Paschaeius Radbertus, Saint; Pelagius and Pelagian ism.
POINTS, MARIE LOUISE, Editor, "The Morning Star", New Orleans, Louisiana: New Orleans, Archdiocese of.
POLLEN, JOHN H., S.J., London: Oaths, English Post-Reformation: Odescakhi, Carlo; Oldcorne, Edward, Venerable; Percy, John; Persons, Robert; Petre Family.
POYET, CLAUDIO, Parana, Argentine Repub- lic: Parani, Diocese of.
PRAT, FERDINAND, S.J., Member of the Bibli- cal Commission, College St. Michel, Brus- sels: Origen and Origenism; Paul, Saint.
PRESTAGE, EDGAR, B.A. (Oxon.), Commbnda- dor, Portuguese Order of S. Thiaqo; Corre- sponding Member of the Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and the Lisbon Geographical Society, Bowdon, England: Oporto, Diocese of ; Periodical Literature, Catholic, Portugal.
RANDOLPH, BARTHOLOMEW, CM, M.A., Teacher of Philosophy and Church History, St. John's College, Brooklyn, New York: Odin, John Mary.
REAGAN, P. NICHOLAS, O.F.M., Collbgio S. Antonio, Rome: Peter of Alcantara, Saint.
REILLY, THOMAS X KEMPI8, O.P., S.T.L., S.S.L., Professor of Sacred Scripture, Dominican House of Studies, Washington : Nicholas of Strasburg; Pagnino, San tea.
REMY, ARTHUR F. J., M.A., Ph.D., Adjunct- Profesbor of Germanic Philology, Columbia University, New York: Otfried of Weissen- burg; Peutinger, Conrad.
ROMPEL, JOSEF HEINRICH, S.J., Ph.D.. Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch, Austria: Parlatore, Filippo.
RUSSELL, MATTHEW, S.J., Dublin; O'Hagan, John; O'Reilly, Edmund.
SACHER, HERMANN. Ph.D., Editor, "Konver- sationslexikon", Assistant Editor, "Staatb- lexikon" of the Gorrebqebellbchaft, Frei- burg, Germany: Oldenburg.
SXGMULLER, JOHANNES BAPTIST, Professor of Theology, University of Tubingen: Patron and Patronage.
ST. EUPHROSINE, SISTER, Montreal: Notre Dame de Montreal, Congregation of.
ST. IGNACE DE LOYOLA, SISTER, St. Damien, Province of Quebec, Canada: Perpetual Help, Sisters of Our Lady of.
SALTET, LOUIS, S.T.D., Lrrr.Lic., Professor of Church History, Insttput Catholiqux, Tou- louse, France: Paula, Saint.
SALZER, ANSELM, O.S.B., Seitenstetten, Aus- tria: Passion Plays.
SAUVAGE, G. M., CS.Cj, S.T.D., Ph.D., Profes- sor of Dogmatic Theology, Holy Cross College-, Washington: Ontologism; Pehsson- Fontanier, Paul; Perreyve, Henri.
SCANNELL, THOMAS B. CANON, S.T.D., Wey- bridgb, England: Nicholas V, Pope.
SCHEID, N., S.J., Stella Matutina College, Feldkirch, Austria: Pauli, Johannes.
SCHEUER, PIERRE, S.J., Professor of Phi- losophy, College of St. John Berchmans, Louvain: Para du Phanjas, Francois.
SCHLAGER, HEINRICH PATRICIUS, O.F.M., St. Ludwig's College, Dalheim, Germany: Nithard; Nuyens, Wilhelmus; Ostiensis; Otto of Freising; Otto of St. Blaise; Paulus Diaconus.
SCHROEDER, JOSEPH, O.P., St. Dominic's Priory, Benicia, California: Nicolal, Jean; Niger, Peter George.
SCHWICKERATH, ROBERT, S.J., Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts: Pach- tler, Georg Michael; Pestalozsi and Pestalozsian- ism.
SCOTT, JOHN ASKEW, M.A., LL.B., Editor, "New Zealand Tablet", Dunedin, New Zealand: New Zealand.
SENFELDER, LEOPOLD, M.D., Teacher of the History of Medicine, University of Vienna: Paracelsus, Theophrastus; Pert:, Ambroise.
SHANNON, JAMES, Peoria, Illinois: Peoria, Diocese of.
SHARPE, ALFRED BOWYER, M.A. (Oxon.), London: Pessimism.
SIEGFRIED, FRANCIS PATRICK, Professor of Philosophy, St. Charles Seminary, Over- brook, Pennsylvania: Ontology.
SLATER, T., 8.J., St. Bruno's College, St. Asaph, Wales: Obligation.
SLOANE, CHARLES WILLIAM, New York: O'Conor, Charles; Partnership.
SLOANE, THOMAS O'CONNOR, M.A., E.M., Ph.D., New York: Pelletier, Pierre-Joseph; Pelouze, Theophile-Jules.
SMITH, IGNATIUS, O.P., Dominican House of Studies, Washington: Nider, John; Peter Chrysologus, Saint.
SMITH, SYDNEY F., 8.J., London: Nonconfor- mists; Non-Jurors.
SMITH, WALTER GEORGE, M.A., LL.B. (U. of P.), Philadelphia: Peace Congresses; Penn- sylvania.
SOLLIER, JOSEPH FRANCIS, S.M., S.T.D., San Francisco: Paraclete; Pavilion, Nicolas; Per- severance, Final.
Digitized by
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ELEVENTH VOLUME
SORTAIS, GASTON, S.J., Assistant Editor, "Etudes", Paris: Orcagna (Andrea di Cione); Palma Vecchio; Parmigiano, 11.
BOUVAY, CHARLES L., CM., S.T.D., Ph.D., Professor of Sacred Scripture, Hebrew, and Liturgy, Kenrick Seminary, St. Louis: Offer- ings (Oblations); Olivet, Mount; Ophir; Para- sceve; Patmos; Pentapolis; Pentecost (of the Jews), Feast of; Phasga.
STANISFORTH, OSWALD, O.M.Cap., Lector op Dogmatic Theology and Sacred Scripture. Capuchin Monastery, Olton, England: Pascal Baylon, Saint.
SUAU, PIERRE, S.J., Castres, France: Olivaint, Pierre; Peter Claver, Saint; Peter Faber, Blessed.
TACCHI VENTURI, LUIGI, LL.D, Commenda- tore of the Order or the Crown of Italy, Rome: Oliva, Gian Paolo. ,
THURSTON, HERBERT, S.J., London: Numbers, Use of, in the Church; Ordines Romani: Osten- sorium; Paris, Matthew; Paschal Candle; Pas- sion of Jesus Christ, Devotion to the; Paten; Peterspence.
TIERNEY, JOHN J., M.A., S.T.D., Professor of Sacred Scripture and Semitic Studies, Mt. St. Mary's College, Emmitsburq, Maryland: New Year's Day.
TORE, LESLIE ALEXANDER ST. LAWRENCE, B.A., Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Bath, England: Peter Damian, Saint.
TOURSCHER, FRANCIS E., O.S.A., Regent, St. Thomas's College, Villanova, Pennsylvania: Noris, Henry; Paulus Venetus.
TRABERT, WILHELM, Ph.D., Director of the Imperial Royal Central Institute of Mete- orology and Geodynamics, Vienna: Pernter, Joseph Maria.
URIBE, ANTONIO JOSE, Bogota, Colombia: Nueva Pamplona, Diocese of.
UROUHART F. F., Fellow and Lecturer in Modern History, Balliol College, Oxford: Northmen; Ordericus Vitalis.
VAILHfi, SIMEON, A.A., Member of the Russian Arch ao logical Institute of Constantinople, Professor of Sacred Scripture and History, Greek Catholic Seminary of Kadi-Keui, Constantinople: Nictea; Nicomedia; Nicopo- lis (Armenia); Nicopolis, Diocese of; Nicopo- lis (Epirus); Nicosia, Titular Archdiocese of; Nilopolis: Nisibis; Notitie Episcopatuum; Ole- nus; Ombus: Oropus; Orthosia; Ostracina; Oxy- rynchus; Palmyra; Paltus; Panopolis; Paphos; Paralus; Parium; Patras; Pella; Pelusium; Pen- tacomia; Pergamus; Petra; Phacusa; Pharbsetus; Pharsalus.
VAN DER ESSEN, LEON, Lrrr.D., Ph.D., Pro- fessor of History, University of Louvain: Pamelius.
VAN DER HEEREN, ACHILLE, S.T.L. (Lou- vain), Professor of Moral Theology and Librarian, Grande Seminaire, Bruges, Bel- gium: Oaths; Peter, Epistles of Saint.
VAN HOVE, A., D.C.L., Professor of Church History and Canon Law, University of Louvain: Nicold de' Tudeschi; CEconomus, Episcopal; Option, Right of; Paleotti, Gabriel; Papiensis, Bernard us; Pefia, Francisco; Person, Ecclesiastical.
VERMEERSCH, ARTHUR, S.J., LL.D., Doctor of Social and Political Sciences, Professor of Moral Theology and Canon Law, College of St. John Berchmans, Louvain: Novice; Nuns; Obedience, Religious.
VOGEL, JOHN, Vicar Provincial of the Pious Society of Missions, Brooklyn, New York: Pollotti, Vincent Mary, Venerable.
WAAGEN, LUKAS, Assistant State Geologist, Vienna: Palaeontology.
WAINEWRIGHT, JOHN BANNERMAN, B.A. (Oxon.), London: Nichols, George, Venerable; Nutter, Robert, Venerable; Osbaldeston, Ed- ward, Venerable; Page, Anthony, Venerable; Palasor, Thomas, Venerable; Patenson, William, Venerable.
WALKER, LESLIE J., S.J., M.A. (Lond.), St. Beuno's College, St. Asaph, Wales: Parallel- ism, Psycho-Physical.
WALSH, JAMES J., M.D., Ph.D., LL.D., Dean of the Medical School, Fordham University, New York: Nussbaum, Johann Nepomuk von; O'Dwyer, Joseph; Pasteur, Louis.
WALSH, REGINALD, O.P., S.T.D., Professor of Theology, 8. Clemente, Rome: O'Daly, Daniel.
WARD, Mgr. BERNARD, Canon of Westmin- ster, F.R.Hist.Soc., President, St. Edmund's College, Ware, England: Oakeley, Frederick; Old Chapter, The; Oliver, George; Oxenham, Henry Nutcombe.
WARREN, KATE MARY, Lecturer in English under University of London at Westfield College, Hampstead, London : Occleve, Thomas; Oxenford, John.
WEBER, N. A„ S.M., S.T.D., Professor of Funda- mental Theology and Church History, Mabist College, Washington: Nicholas II, Nicholas III, Nicholas IV, Popes; Orange, Councils of; Paul II, Pope; Permaneder, Franz Michael : Peter Igneus, Blessed; Petrobrusians; Petrus, Diaconus; Petrus Alfonsus.
WEIMAR, ANTON, Vienna: Periodical Literature, Catholic, Austria.
WELCH, SIDNEY READ, S.T.D., Ph.D., J.P., Editor. " The Catholic Magazine for South Africa", Cape Town: Pfanner, Franz.
WILHELM. JOSEPH, S.T.D., Ph.D., Battle, Eng- land: Nicene and Niceno-Constantinopblitan Creed.
WILLIAMSON, GEORGE CHARLES, Litt.D, London: Oggione, Marco D'; Orley, Barent van; Ortolano Ferrarese; Passignano, Domenico.
WITTMANN, PIUS, Counsellor for the Ar- chives and Archivist for Prince Ysenburg- Budingen, Royal Bavarian Counsellor for the Archives, BudingeNj Germany: Norway, Orkneys.
WOLFSGRUBER, COELESTINE, O.S.B., Vienna: Olmiitz, Archdiocese of; Parenzo-Pola, Diocese of.
ZELLE, JOSEPH, S.J., Paray-le-Monial, France: Paray-le-Monial.
ZEVELY, J., New York: Petropolis, Diocese of.
xu
Digitized by
Tables of Abbreviations
The following tables and notes are intended to guide readers of The Catholic Encyclopedia (a interpreting those abbreviations, signs, or technical phrases which, for economy of space, will be most fre- quently used in the work. For more general information see the article Abbreviations, Ecclesiastical.
I. — General Abbreviations.
a. article.
ad an at the year (Lat. ad annum).
an., ann. the year, the years (Lat. annus,
anni).
ap in (Lat. apud).
art. article.
Assyr. Assyrian.
A. 8 Anglo-Saxon.
A. V Authorized Version (i.e. tr. of the
Bible authorized for use in the Anglican Church — the so-called "King James", or "Protestant Bible").
b bom.
Bk. Book.
Bl Blessed.
C, c. about (Lat. circa); canon; chap-
ter; eompagnie. can. canon.
cap chapter (Lat. caput — used only
in Latin context).
cf. compare (Lat. confer).
cod. codex.
col column.
concL conclusion.
const., constit. . . .Lat. amstitutio.
curft. by the industry of.
d died.
diet dictionary (Fr. dicHonnaire).
disp Lat. disputatio.
diss. Lat. dissertatio.
dist Lat. distinctio.
D. V. Douay Version.
ed., edit edited, edition, editor.
Ep.,Epp letter, letters (Lat. epistota).
Fr. French.
gen. genus.
Gr. Greek.
H. E., Hist. Eccl. .Ecclesiastical History. Heb., Hebr. Hebrew.
ib., ibid. in the same place (Lat. ibidem).
Id..* the same person, or author (Lat.
idem).
inf. below (Lat. infra).
It Italian.
Lc, loc. cit at the place quoted (Lat. hco
citato).
Lat Latin.
lat latitude.
lib book (Lat. liber).
long. . „ longitude.
Mon Lat. Monumenla.
MS., MSS manuscript, manuscripts.
n., no number.
N. T New Testament.
Nat National.
Old Fr., O. Fr. . . .Old French.
op. cit in the work quoted (Lat. open
citato).
Ord Order.
O.T Old Testament.
p., pp page, pages, or (in Latin ref- erences) pars (part).
par. paragraph.
passim in various places.
pt. part.
Q Quarterly (a periodical), e.g.
"Church Quarterly".
Q-> QQ-> qutest question, questions (Lat. qucestio).
q. v. which [title] see (Lat. quod vide).
Rev Review (a periodical).
R. 8 Rolls Series.
R. V Revised Version.
S..SS Lat. Sanctus, Sancti, "Saint",
"Saints" — used in this Ency- clopedia only in Latin context.
Sept Septuagint.
Sees Session.
Skt Sanskrit.
Sp Spanish.
sq., sqq following page, or pages (Lat.
sequent) .
St., Sts. Saint, Saints.
sup. Above (Lat. supra).
s.v Under the corresponding title
(Lat. sub voce). torn volume (Lat. tomus).
xlil
Digitized by
TABLES OF ABBREVIATIONS.
tr.
translation or translated. By it- self it means "English transla- tion", or "translated into Eng- lish by". Where a translation is into any other language, the language is stated.
Diet. Christ. Biog. . . Smith and Waoe (ed), Diction- ary of Christian Biography. Diet, d'arch. chret.. .Cabrol (ed.), Dictionnaire d'ar-
Dict. de theoL cath. .Vacant and Mangenot (ed.),
chiologie chritienne et de Htur- gie.
tr., tract
tractate.
see (Lat. vide).
.Venerable.
Volume.
Dictionnaire de thtologie catholique.
v.
Ven Vol.
Diet. Nat. Biog. Stephen and Lee (ed), Diction- ary of National Biography.
Hast., Diet, of the
Bible Hastings (ed), A Dictionary of
the Bible.
Kirchenlex. Wetser and Welte, Kirchenlexi-
II. — Abbreviations or Titles.
Acta SS Acta Sanctorum (Bollandists).
Ann. pont. cath Battandier, Annuaire pontifical
catholique.
Bibl. Diet. Eng. Cath-GiHow, Bibliographical Diction- ary of the English Catholics. Diet. Christ. Antiq.. .Smith and Cheetham (ed.),
P.G Migne (ed.), Patree Oraci.
P. L Migne (ed.), Patree Latini.
Vig., Diet, de la Bible. Vigouroux (ed), Dictionnaire de
con.
Dictionary of Christian An- tiquities.
la Bible.
Nora I. — Large Roman numerals standing alone indicate volumes. Small Roman numerals standing alone indicate chapters. Arabia numerals standing alone indicate pages. In other cases the divisions are explicitly stated. Thus " RashdaQ, Universities of Europe, I. ix" refers the reader to the ninth chapter of the first volume of that work; "I, p. ix" would indicate the ninth page of the preface of the same volume.
Nora II. — Where St. Thomas (Aquinas) is cited without the name of any particular work the reference is always to "gumma Theologies" (not to "Summa Philosophies "). The divisions of the "Sum ma Theol." are indicated by a system which may best be understood by the following example: "I-II.Q. vi.a.7, ad 2 urn" refers the reader to the tevmlh article of the tixA question in the firtt part of the second part, in the response to the sswntf objection.
Nora III. — The abbreviations employed for the various books of the Bible are obvious. Eoclesiasticus is indicated by Ecchu., to distinguish it from Eoclesiastes (Bed*.). It should also be noted that I and II Kings in D. V. correspond to I and II Samuel in A.V.; and I and II Par. to I and II Chronicles. Where, in the spelling of a proper name, there is a marked difference between the D. V. and the A. V.. the form found in the latter is added, in parentheses.
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Full Page Illustrations in Volume XI
Frontispiece in Colour pagb
New Orleans — St. Roch's Chapel and Cemetery, etc 14
St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York 26
Norwich Cathedral 122
Typical Coins of Twenty-five Centuries 152
Daniel O'Connell 202
Church of Santa Maria de Naranco, Oviedo 364
Oxford — Balliol, Christ Church, the Sheldonian, and Brasenose 365
Basilica of S. Antonio, commonly called The Santo, Padua 384
The Empress Theodora and her Suite 394
Altar-piece of the Lamb, Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, Ghent 395
Among the Lowly — Leon Lhermitte 402
Cathedral, Palencia 418
Cathedral, Palermo 41»
Notre-Dame de Paris 494
Cathedral and Baptistery, Parma 504
The Crucifixion — From the Passion Play of Oberammergau 530
Louis Pasteur in his Laboratory — A. Edelfelt 536
St. Paul— Ribera (Spagnoletto) 576
Paul III and his Nephews, Alessandro and Ottavio Farnese — Titian 577
The Certosa, near Pavia 592
Perugia — The Porta Urbica Etrusca, etc 736
Perugino — Madonna with Four Saints, etc 737
St. Peter— Ribera (Spagnoletto) 750
Blessed Peter Canisius — C. Fracassini 758
Philadelphia 794
Map
Panama 438
xv
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Digitized by
THE
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA
N
New Mexico, a territory of the United States now (Jan., 1911) awaiting only the completion of its Con- stitution and the acceptance thereof by the Federal authorities to rank as a state. It lies between 31° 20' and 37° N. lat., and between 103° V and 109° 2* W. long. : it is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by Oklahoma and Texas, on the south by Texas and the Republic of Mexico, and on the west by Ari- zona. It is about 370 miles from east to west, 335 from north to south, and has an area of 122,580 sq. miles, with mountain-plateau, and valley on either side of the Rio Grande. The average rainfall is 12 inches, usually between July and September, so that spring and sum- mer are dry, and agriculture and grazing suffer. The climate is uniform, the summers, as a rule, moderate, and, the atmosphere being dry, the heat is not oppres- sive. In the north-west and north-east the winters are long, but not severe, while in the central and south- ern portions the winters are usually short and mild. In the United States census of 1900 the population was 141,282. of which 33 per cent was illiterate; in the census o( 1910 the population was 327.396. About one-half of the inhabitants are of Spanish descent.
The soil in the valleys is a rich and sandy loam, capable, with irrigation, of producing good crops. It is also rich in gold and silver, and important mines have been opened near Deming, Silver City, and Lordsburg, in the south-western part of the state. There are copper mines near Glorieta in the north, and near Santa Rita in the south; while coal is found in great abundance near Gallup, Cerillos, and in the north-west. The mineral production of New Mexico for 1907 was $7,517,843, that of coal alone amounting to $3,832,128. In 1909 the net product in coaH shipped from the mines, was 2,708,624 tons, or a total value of $3,881,508. A few forests exist in the east- - ern plains, and abundant timber is found in the north- western and central districts. Though mining and commerce as well as agriculture are now in process of rapid development. New Mexico is still a grazing country. Sheep-farming is the most important and lucrative industry; cattle-farming is also of importance. In 1908 and 1909 severe droughts caused the sheep industry to decline somewhat. In 1909 New Mexico shipped 700,800 head of sheep; in
1908, 835,800; in 1907, 975.800. The wool shorn in
1909. from over 4,000,000 sheep, was 18,000,000 lbs., which brought an average of 19 cents per lb., yielding a cash production of $3,420,000. The shipments of cat- tle in the same year amounted to 310,326, and 64,380 hides were handled in the same period. Fanning is successfully carried on in the Rio Grande and other valleys. Indian corn, wheat, and garden products being the principal crops. For the year 1907 the ter- ritorial governnor's report placed the value of the agricultural products at $25,000,000, but this was a
XI.— 1
gross overestimate. The important manufacturing interests are those connected with mining, railroads, etc. Lumbering is being developed by capital brought from the East, and large lumber mills are now in operation, notably at Albuquerque. There are 75 banks (41 national and 34 territorial) in the state, with an aggregate capital of $3,274,086. The bonded debt of the state is $1,002,000, of which $89,579.49 is covered by the sinking fund.
General History. — In April, 1536, there arrived at Culiacan, in the Mexican Province of Sinaloa, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Andres Dorantes, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and the negro Estevanico, the only survivors of the ill-fated expe- dition of Narvaez whichhad left Spain in 1528. Mendoza, the Viceroy of Mexico was told astonishing tales by Cabeza de Vaca concerning the wealth of the coun- try to the north, and he forthwith commanded Coro- nado, governor of the Province of Nueva Galicia, to prepare an expe- dition. The preparations went slowly, and Men- doza ordered Friar Marcos de Niza to make a prelim- inary exploration of the northern country. The Franciscan left Culiacan in 1539. accompanied by Estevanico and a few Indians. After untold hard- ships he reached the famous pueblo of Zufii, took pos- session of all the surrounding country, planted the cross, and named the territory "The New Kingdom of St. Francis". Marcos de Niza is, therefore, rightly called the discoverer of New Mexico and Arizona. _ He then returned to Mexico, and his narrative, especially what he said about the seven cities of Cibola, was an incentive to Coronado, who set out from Culiacan in 1540, accompanied by Marcos and a large body of Spaniards and Indians. Coronado crossed Sonora (now Arizona) and entered New Mexico in July, 1540. The expedition returned in 1542, but, although many regions were discovered, no conquests were made nor colonies established. In 1563 an expedition was led into New Mexico by Francisco de Ibarra: it is worth mentioning only for the reason that de Ibarra re- turned in 1565 with the boast that he had discovered "a new Mexico", which was, probably, the origin of the name. Espejo entered New Mexico in 1581, but accomplished nothing. In this same year a Francis- _ 1
Sxal or New Mexico
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NEW MEXICO
NEW MEXICO
can Friar, Augustfn Rodriguez, entered with a few companions, and lost his life in the cause of Christian- ity. In 1581 Espejo called New Mexico Nueva An- dalucia. By 1598 the name Nuevo Mexico was evi- dently well known, since Villagra's epic is called "Historia del Nuevo Mdjico".
The expeditions of Espejo and Father Ag\istfn Ro- driguez were followed by many more of an unimpor- tant character, and it was not until 1598, when Don Juan de Ofiate, accompanied by ten Franciscans under Father Alonso Martinez, and four hundred men, of whom one hundred and thirty were accompanied by their wives and families, marched up alongside the Rio Grande, and settled at San Juan de los Caballeros, near the junction of the Chama with the Rio Grande, thirty miles north of Santa F6 . This was the firstper- manent Spanish settlement in New Mexico. Here was established, also, the first mission, and San Juan de los Caballeros (or San Gabriel a few miles west on the Chama river?) was the capital of the new province until it was moved to Santa F6 some time between 1602 and 1616. The colony prospered, missions were established by the Franciscans, new colonists arrived, and by the middle of the seventeenth century general prosperity prevailed.- In the year 1680, however, a terrible Indian rebellion broke out under the leader- ship of Pope, an Indian of the pueblo of San Juan. All the Spanish settlements were attacked, and many peo- ple massacred. The survivors fled to Santa Fe, but, after three days' fighting, were compelled to abandon the city and were driven out of the province.
Thus was destroyed the work of eighty years. The Spaniards did not lose courage: between 1691 and 1693 Antonio de Vargas reconquered New Mexico and en- tered it with many of the old colonists and many more new ones, his entire colony consisting of 800 peo v pie, including seventy families and 200 soldiers. The old villages were occupied, churches rebuilt, and the missions re-established. A new villa was founded, Santa Cruz de la Canada, around which most of the families which had come with De Vargas under Padre Farfan were settled. The colonies, no longer seri- ously threatened by the Indians, progressed slowly. By the end of the eighteenth century the population of New Mexico was about 34,000, one-half Spaniards. The first half of the nineteenth century was a period of revolutions — rapid transformations of government and foreign invasions, accepted by the Spanish inhab- itants of New Mexico in an easy-going spirit of sub- mission unparalleled in history.
In 1821 the news of Mexican independence was re- ceived, and, although the people of New Mexico were ignorant of the events winch had preceded it, and knew absolutely nothing of the situation, they cele- brated the event with great enthusiasm and swore allegiance to Iturbide. In 1824, just three years after independence, came the news of the fall of Iturbide and the inauguration of the Republic of Mexico: throngs gathered at Santa F6, the people were ha- rangued, and the new regime was applauded as a bless- ing to New Mexico. When war was declared between the United States and Mexico — an event concerning which the New Mexicans were ignorant — General Stephen Watts Kearny was sent to conquer New Mexico. In 1846 he entered the territory, and Gen- eral Armijo, the local military chief, fled to Mexico. Kearny took possession of the territory in the name of the United States, promising the people all the rights and liberties which other citizens of the United States enjoyed. The people joyfully accepted American rule, and swore obedience to the Stars and Stripes. At one stroke, no one knew why or how, a Spanish colony, after existing under Spanish institutions for nearly three centuries, was brought under the rule of a for- eign race and under new and unknown institutions. After the military occupation by Kearny in 1846, Charles Bent was civil governor. He was murdered
at Taos, in 1847, by some Spaniards whom he had grossly offended. In 1847-48 Donaciano Vigil was civil governor.
In 1848, by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, New Mexico was formally ceded by Mexico to the United States, and in 1850 it was regularly organized as a ter- ritory (which included Arizona until 1863), and James S. Calhoun was the first territorial governor. The first territorial Legislative Assembly met at Santa F6 in 1851 : most of the members were of Spanish descent, and this has been true of all the Assemblies until the end of the century. Up to 1910 the proceedings of the Legislature were in Spanish and English, interpreters being always present. During the years 1861-62 the Texan Confederates entered New Mexico, to occupy Albuquerque and Santa F6t but Federal troops ar- rived from Colorado and California and frustrated the attempt. During the years from 1860 to 1890 New Mexico progressed very slowly. Education was in a deplorable state (no system was established until 1890), the surrounding Indians continually harassed the inhabitants, and no railroad was constructed until after 1880. In 1860 the population was 80,567; in 1870, 90,573; in 1880, 109,793. Nine-tenths of the population in 1880 was of Spanish descent: at pres- ent (1911) this element is only about one-half, owing to the constant immigration from the other states of the Union. Since 1890 New Mexico has progressed rapidly. Education is now enthusiastically supported and encouraged, the natural resources are being rapidly developed, and the larger towns and cities nave all the marks of modern civilization and progress. Since 1850 many unsuccessful attempts nave been made, to secure statehood; at last, in June, 1910, Congress passed an Enabling Act: New Mexico is to adopt a Constitution, subject to the approval of Congress.
Missions or New Mexico. — The Franciscan Friar Marcos de Niza, as we have seen above, reached New Mexico near the pueblo of Zufii in 1539. This short expedition may be considered, therefore, as the first mission in New Mexico and what is now Arizona. With the expedition of Coronado (1540-42) several Franciscans under Marcos de Niza entered New Mexico. There is some confusion about their exact number and even about their names. It seems rea- sonably certain, however, that Marcos had to abandon the expedition after reaching Zufii, and that two Franciscan priests, Juan de Padilla and Juan de la Cruz, and a lay brother, Luis de Escalona, continued with the expedition into New Mexico, remained as missionaries among the Indians when Coronado re- turned in 1542, and were finally murdered by them. These were the first three Christian missionaries to re- ceive the crown of martyrdom within the present limits of the United States. Forty years after the Niza and Coronado expeditions of 1539-42, it was again a Franciscan who made an attempt to gain the New Mexico Indians to the Faith. This was Father Agustin Rodriguez, who. in 1581, left San Bartolome' in Northern Mexico ana, accompanied by two other friars, Juan de Santa Maria and Fr. Francisco Lopez, and some seventeen more men, marched up the Rio Grande and visited many of the pueblos on both sides of the river. The friars decided to remain in the new missionary field when the rest of the expedition re- turned in 1582, but the Indians proved intractable and the two friars received the crown of martyrdom.
When news of the fate of Agustin Rodriguez reached San Bartolome' in Nueva Vizcaya, Father Bernardino Beltran was desirous of making another attempt to evangelize New Mexico, but, being alone, would not remain there. It was in 1598 that Don Juan de Ofiate made the first permanent Spanish settlement in New Mexico, at San Juan de los Caballeros. Ten Francis- can friars under Father Alonso Martinez accom-
Janied Ofiate in his conquest, and established at San uan the first Spanish Franciscan mission. Mission-
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NEW MEXICO
NEW MEXICO
arywork was begun in earnest, and in 1599 Ofiate sent a party to Mexico for re-enforcements. With this party went Fathers Martinez, Salazar, and Vergara to obtain more friars. Salazar died on the way, Marti- nez did not return, but a new Franciscan comisario, Juan de Escalona, returned to New Mexico with Ver- gara and eight more Franciscans. New missions were being established in the near pueblos, and prosperity was at hand, but Ofiate's ambitions proved fatal: in 1601 he desired to conquer the country to the north and west, and started on an expedition with a small force, taking with him two Franciscans. The people who remained at and near Sao Juan de los Caballeros were left unprotected. Civil discord followed, and the newly-settled province was abandoned, the set- tlers, with the friars.' moving south. Father Escalona remained, at the risk of his life, to await the return of Ofiate; but he had written to the viceroy, asking that Ofiate should be recalled. Ofiate. with a new comi- sario, Francisco Escobar, and Father San Buenaven- tura, set out on another counter expedition, and Es- calona and the other friars continued their missionary work among their neophytes. New re- enforcements arrived between 1605 and 1608, in spite of Ofiate's misrule. In 1608 Father Alonso Peinado came as co- misario and brought with him eight more friars. By this time 8000 Indians had been converted. By 1617 the Franciscans had built eleven churches and had converted 14,000 In- dians.
In 1620 Father Geronimo de Zarate Salmeron, a very Chuhch at Pdiblo or
zealous missionary, came to New Mexico. There he worked for eight years, and wrote a book on Chris- tian doctrine in the language of the Jemez. By 1626 . the missions numbered 27; 34,000 Indians had been baptized, and 43 churches built. Of the friars only 16 were left. In 1630 Fr. Benavides desired to establish a bishopric in New Mexico, and went to Spain to lay his petition before the king. In his memorial he says that there were in New Mexico, in 1630, 25 missions, covering 90 pueblos, attended by 50 fnars, and that the Christian natives numbered 60,000. The missions established in New Mexico in 1630, according to this memorial, were the following: among the Piros, or Picos, 3 missions (Socorro, Senecu, Sevilleta) ; among the Laguas, 2 (Sandia, Isleta); among the Queres, 3; among the Tompiros, 6; among the Tanos, 1 ; among the Pecos, 1 ; among the Toas, or Tehuas, 3; at Santa F6, 1 ; among the Taos, 1 ; among the Zufii, 2. The other two are not mentioned. However, the wrongs perpetrated by local governors exasperated the In- dians, and the missionaries were thus labouring under difficulties. By 1680 the number of missions had increased to 33, but the Indian rebellion broke out. All the missions and settlements were destroyed, the churches burned, and the settlers massacred. The number of victims among the Spaniards was 400. Of the missionaries, 11 escaped, while 21 were massacred.
With Don Diego de Vargas, and the reconquest of New Mexico in 1691-95, the Franciscans entered the province again. Father San Antonio was the guard- ian, but in 1694 be returned to El Paso, and, with Father. Francisco Vargas as guardian, the missions
were re-established. Not only were most of the old missions again in a prosperous condition, but new ones were established among the Apaches, Navaios, and other tribes. Towards the middle of the eighteenth century, petty disputes arose between the friars and the Bishop of Durango, and the results were unfav- ourable to the missions, which at this time numbered from 20 to 25, Father Juan Mirabal being guardian. In 1760 Bishop Tamaron of Durango visited the prov- ince. From this time on the Franciscan missions in New Mexico changed, the friars in many cases acted as parish priests, and their work, did not prove so fruitful.
During the last half of the eighteenth century, and during the last years of Spanish rule (1800-1821), the missions declined more and more The Franciscans still remained, and received salaries from the Govern- ment, not as missionaries but as parish priests. They were under their guardian, but the Bishop of Durango controlled religious affairs, with a permanent vicar in New Mexico. The Mexican rule of 1821-1846 was
worse than the Span- ish rule, and the mis- sions existed only in name. At the time of the American oc- cupation, in 1846, the missions, as such, no longer existed.
The missionary work in what is now Arizona was in some cases that of the. New Mexican friars, who from the begin- ning of their labours extended their mis- sions among the Zufii and the Moquis. A few of these missions, however, had no con- nexion whateverwith the missionary work of New Mexico. After tourTA, N«w m»xico Niza's exploration in
1540, we know little of the missionary work in Ari- zona proper, until 1633, when Fray Francisco Par- ras, who was almost alone in his work, was killed at Aguatevi. In 1680 four Franciscans, attending three missions among the Moquis, were killed dur- ing the New Mexican rebellion of that year. In Northern Mexico, close to the Arizona line (or, as then known, Pimeria Alta), the Jesuits were doing excellent mission work in 1600-1700. It was a Jesuit, also, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, who explored what is now southern Arizona, in 1687. No missions were es- tablished, however, in Arizona before Father Kino's death in 1711, though churches were built, and many Indians converted. The work of Father Kino was abandoned after his death, until 1732, when Fathers Felipe Segesser and Juan B. Grashoffer established the first permanent missions of Arizona at San Xavier del Bac and San Miguel de Guevavi. In 1750 these two missions were attacked and plundered by the Pimas, but the missionaries escaped. In 1752 the mis- sions were reoccupied. A rivalry between the Fran- ciscans and the Jesuits hindered the success of the missions.
In 1767, however, the controversy between Jesuits and Franciscans was ended, and the Jesuits expelled. The Government, not content with their expulsion, confiscated the mission property, though the Francis- cans were invited to the field. Four Franciscans ar- rived in 1768 to renew the missionary work and found the missions in a deplorable state, but they persuaded the Government to help in the restoration and to re- store the confiscated property. It is to be observed
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NEW MEXICO
that these missions of Arizona, as well as many of those of Sonora in Mexico, were, until 1873, under the control of the College of Santa Cruz (just across the Arizona Hne in Northern Mexico), separated from 1783 to 1791, and united in 1791 . The two important Arizona Missions, San Xavier del Bac and San Miguel de Guevavi, became prosperous, the former under the famous Franciscan, Father Francisco Garces from 1768 to 1774. Father Garces laboured continually among the Indians until he lost his life, in 1781, in his missionary work near the Colorado River in Califor- nia. The missions of Arizona declined after 1800, and in 1828 the Mexican Government ordered their aban- donment. From this time until 1859, when Bishop Lamy of Santa Fesent the Rt. Rev. J. P. Machebceuf to minister to the spiritual needs of Arizona, there 'were no signs of Christianity in Arizona other than abandonee] missions and ruined churches.
Present Conditions (1910). — Pending the full ad- mission of New Mexico to statehood, its government is still that of a territory of the United States, regu- lated by the provisons of the Federal Statutes. Ac- cordingly, the governor and other executive officers are appointed by the executive authority of the United States and paid by the Federal Treasury; the Legisla- ture (House of Representatives and Council) is elected by the people of the territory; the Territorial Judi- ciary (a chief justice and five associate justices) is ap- pointed by the President of the United States for a term of four years, but justices of the peace are elected for two years.
Education. — The educational system of New Mexico dates from 1890 and is still in process of de- velopment. The public-school system is governed by a territorial Board of Education consisting of seven members. This board apportions the school funds, prepares teachers' examinations, selects books, etc. There are also the usual county and district officers. At present there are approximately 1000 public schools in New Mexico, with about 50,000 pupils, of whom 20,000 are Spanish and 100 negroes. There are 70 denominational schools, with 5,000 pupils, and 18 private schools, with 288 pupils. Futhermore,there were, in 1908, 25 Indian schools with 1933 pupils.
The Catholic schools of the territory number 23, with about 100 teachers and about 1500 pupils (esti- mated in 1910; 1,212 in 1908). The most important Catholic school in New Mexico is St. Michael's Col- lege at Santa F£, founded in 1859 by Bishop J. B. Lamy. The sisters' charitable institutions (hospi- tals, etc.) are state-aided. In 1909 the appropri- ations for these purposes amounted to $12,000. The other denominational schools are distributed as fol- lows: Presbyterian, 25; Congregational, 9; Methodist, 11; Baptist, 2. The territorial (or state) university was established in 1889 at Albuquerque. It is sup- ported by territorial appropriations and land revenues. For the year 1909-10 the income was $40,000. Its teaching force consisted, in 1909-10, of 16 professors, associate professors, and instructors, and tie number of students in attendance was 130. There are three normal schools, one at Las Vegas, one at El Rito, and one at Silver City; a military school at Roswell; a school of mines at Socorro : and a college of agriculture and mechanic arts at Mesilla Park — the best equipped and most efficient school in New Mexico, receiving both federal and territorial aid aggregating $100,000 a year (1909-10), having a teaching force of 40 profes- sors, assistant professors, and instructors, and an at- tendance of 285 students (1909-10). The combined valuation of the territory's educational institutions is about $1,000,000, while the annual expenditures aggregate $275,000.
Religion. — In 1850, when New Mexico was organ- ized as a territory of the United States, it (including, till 1863, Arizona and part of Colorado) was made a vicariate Apostolic, under the Rt. Rev. John B. Lamy.
In 1853 New Mexico (with exceptions noted below) was made the Diocese of Santa F6, and the vicar Apostolic became its first bishop. In 1865 this dio- cese became the Archdiocese of Santa F6, and Bishop Lamy became its first archbishop. The archdiocese includes all of New Mexico, except Dofia Ana, Eddy, and Grant Counties, which belong to the Diocese of Tucson. The present Archbishop of Santa F6 is the Rt. Rev. John B. Pitaval. The Catholic population of the territory in 1882 was 126,000; in 1906 it was 121,558 (U. S. Census Bulletin.no. 103, p. 36). But the figures for 1882 (given by H. H. Bancroft) must include the Catholic population of Arizona and prob- ably also of Colorado. In 1906 the Catholics were more than 88 per cent of the church membership of the territory, which was 137,009, distributed as fol- lows:—
Roman Catholics 121,558
Methodists 6,560
Presbyterians 2,935
Baptists 2,403
Disciples, or Christians 1,092
Protestant Episcopalians 869
Unclassified 1,592
Total 137,009
At present (1910) the total Catholic population -of New Mexico may be estimated at not less than about 130,000, about 120,000 being of Spanish descent. No definite statistics are available on this last point. The large Catholic population of New Mexico is due to its having been colonized by the Spaniards, whose first thought on founding a colony was to build churches and establish missions. The recent Catholic immi- gration has been from the Middle West, and this is largely Irish.
Catholics distinguished in Public Life. — The fact that until about the year 1890 the population of the territory was mostly Spanish, and therefore Catholic, is the reason why most of the men who have figured prominently in the' history of New Mexico have been Catholic Spaniards. Among the more prominent may be mentioned: Donaciano Vigil, military gov- ernor, 1847-48; Miguel A. Otero, territorial secretary, 1861 ; delegates to the Federal Congress, Jose' M. Ga- Uegos, 1853-54; Miguel A. Otero, 1855-60; Francisco Perea, 1863-64; Jose F. Chaves, 1865-70; Jos6 M. Gallegos, 1871-72; Trinidad Romero, 1877-78; Mari- ano S. Otero, 1879-80; Tranquilino Luna, 1881-82; Francisco A. Manzanares, 1883-4. The treasurers and auditors from 1863 to 1886 were all, with but one exception, Catholic Spaniards.
Legislation affecting Religion. — (1) Absolute free- dom of worship is guaranteed by the Organic Act con- stituting the territory, and by statute preference to any religious denomination by law is forbidden. (2) Horse-racing and cock-fighting on Sunday are forbid- den; labour, except works of necessity, charity, or mercy, prohibited, and the offence is punishable by a fine of from $5 to $15. (3) No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust in this territory. Oaths are administered in the usual fashion, but an affirmation may be used instead when the individual has conscientious scruples against tak- ing an oath. (4) No statutory enactment punishing blasphemy or profanity has ever been passed in this territory. (5) It is customary to open the sessions of the Legislature with an invocation of the Supreme Being, but there is no statutory authority either for or against this ceremony. Until the present time (1910) this function has always been discharged by a Catholic priest. (6) Christmas is the only religious festival observed as a legal holiday in New Mexico. New Year's Day is also a legal holiday, but Good Friday, Ash Wednesday, All Souls' Day, etc., are not recog- ni zed . (7) There has been no decision in the courts of New Mexico regarding the seal of confession, but it is
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NEW NORCIA
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to be presumed that, in the absence of any statutory provision covering the point, the courts of the terri- tory would follow the general rule: that confession to a priest is a confidential communication and therefore inviolable. (8) Churches are, in the contemplation of the laws of New Mexico, in the category of charitable institutions. (9) No religious or charitable institu- tion is permitted to hold more than $50,000 worth of property; any property acquired or held contrary to the above prohibition shall be forfeited and escheat to the United States. The property of religious institu- tions is exempt from taxation when it is being used and devoted exclusively to its appropriate objects, and not used with a view to pecuniary, profit. The clergy are exempt from jury and military service. (10) Marriage may be either by religious or by civil ceremony. The male must be eighteen years of age, and the female fifteen, for marriage with parents' con- sent; after the male is twenty-one ana the female eighteen they may marry regardless of parents' con- sent. Marriages between first cousins, uncles, aunts, nieces and nephews, half-brothers and sisters, grand- parent and grandchildren, are declared incestuous and absolutely void. (11) Education in the public schools must be non-sectarian. (12) No charitable or reli-
Sious bequests are recognised unless made in writing uly attested by the lawful number of witnesses. (13) There are no restrictions as to cemeteries other than that they must not be near to running streams. (14) Divorce may be obtained for cruelty, adultery, de- sertion, and for almost every ground recognised as sufficient in any state of the Union. The party seek- ing divorce must have been a bona fide resident of the territory for more than a year prior to the date of fil- ing the action. Service on the defendant must be per- sonal, if the defendant is within the territory : but may be by publication, if the whereabouts of the defendant are unknown. Trials of divorce are without a jury.
Bancroft, H. H., Hilary of New Mtxico and Aritona (San Francisco, 1888); Biennial Report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction of New Mtxico (Santa Fe, 1908) : Blacxiiab. Spanieh Inetitutione in the Southwest (Baltimore, 1891) ; Compiled Lawe of New Mexico (Santa Ft, 1897 and 1908); Catholic Direc- tory for 1910; C. S. Census Bureau, Bulletin no. 103 (Washing- ton, 1906) : Enoe lhardt, The Mieeiont and Mieeionarice of Cali- fornia, I (Ban Francisco, 1908) ; II (San Francisco, 1910) ; Vi- llage!, Hietoria de la Nueea Mijico (Alcala de Henarea, 1610; Mexico, 1900) ; Illustrated Hietory of New Mexico (Los Angeles, 1907) ; Codes, On the Trail of a Spanieh Pioneer (tr. of the diary of Father Francisco Games) (New York, 1900); Report of the Gov- ernor of New Mexico to the Secretary of the Interior (Washington, 1909): Shea, Hietory of the Catholic Church in the United Statee (New York, 1892) ; Regxeter of the University of New Mexico, 1909- 10 (Albuquerque, 1910); Regieter of the New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arte (Santa Fe, 1910) ; Pino, Noticiae
Vargae . . . .... . ...... _ ....
the New Mexico Historical Society, Santa Fe); Publications of the New Mexico Hittorieal Society (Santa Fe, 1898-1910).
Aurklio M. Espinosa.
New Norda, a Benedictine abbey in Western Aus- tralia, founded on 1 March, 1846, by a Spanish Bene- dictine, Rudesindus Salvado, for the christianizing of the Australian aborigines. It is situated eighty-two miles from Perth, the state capital: its territory is bounded on the south and east by the Diocese of Perth, and on the north by the Diocese of Geraldton. This mission at first had no territory. Its saintly founder, like the Baptist of old, lived in the wilderness, leading the same nomadic life as the savages whom he had come to lead out of darkness. His food was of the most variable character, consisting of wild roots dug out of the earth by the spears of his swarthy neophytes, with lizards, iguanas, even worms in times of distress, or, when fortunate in the chase, with the native kan- garoo. After three years of unparalleled hardships amongst this cannibal race, Salvado came to the con- clusion that they were capable of Christianity. As- sisted by some friends, he started for Rome in 1849 to procure auxiliaries and money to assist him in prose-
cuting his work of civilization. While in Rome he was appointed Bishop of Port Victoria in' Northern Aus- tralia, being consecrated on 15 August, 1849. Before he left Rome, all his people of Portvictoria had aban- doned the diocese for the goldfields. Bishop Salvado thereupon implored the pope to permit him to return to his beloved Australian blacks. He set out. for Spain, and obtained there monetary assistance and over forty young volunteers. All these afterwards became Benedictines. They landed in Australia in charge of their bishop on 15 August, 1852.
Bishop Salvado, with his band of willing workers, commenced operations forthwith. They cleared land for the plough, and introduced the natives to habits of industry. They built a large monastery, schools and orphanages for the young, cottages for the married, flour-mills to grind their wheat, etc. An important village soon sprang up, in which many natives were fed, clothed, and made good Christians. On 12 March. 1867, Pius IX made New Norcia an abbey nullixts and a prefecture Apostolic with jurisdiction over a terri- tory of 16 square miles, the extent of Bishop Salvado's jurisdiction until his death in Rome on 29 December, 1900, in the eighty-seventh year of his age and the fifty-first of his episcopate. Father Fulgentius Tor- res, O.S.B., was elected Abbot of New Norcia in suc- cession to Bishop Salvado on 2 October, 1902. The new abbot found it necessary to frame a new policy for his mission. Rapid changes were setting in; agricultural settlers were taking up the land, driving out the sheep and cattle lords, and absorbing the la- bour of the civilized natives. The mission had now to provide for the spiritual wants of the white popula- tion, and Abbot Torres boldly faced the situationby entering upon a large scheme of improvements in and around the monastery. With' the approbation of the Holy See, he had the boundaries of the abbey extended to embrace the country between 30° and 31° 20' S. latitude, and between the sea and 120° E. longitude — a territory of over 30,000 sq. miles (nearly as large as Ireland or the State of Maine). Abbot Torres brought out many priests and young ecclesiastics for the monastery and parochial work, and built churches in the more settled districts of his new territory. Since Abbot Torres became superior in 1901, the num- ber of churches has increased from one to ten. To foster higher education, Abbot Torres has erected a magnificent convent and ladies' college, and has in hand a similar institution for boys. He has already completed a large and commodious girls' orphanage.' All these works have been accomplished at the ex- pense of the Benedictine community. Abbot Torres has not confined his energies solely to New Norcia. He founded the " Drysdale River Aborigines Mission ", 2000 miles away, in the extreme north-west of Aus- tralia, an unexplored land inhabited only by the most treacherous savages. This mission was opened on 12 July, 1908, with a party of fifteen in charge of two priests.
Abbot Torres was consecrated bishop in Rome on 22 May, 1910. On the fourth of the same month, by a < Decree of the Propaganda, he was appointed adminis- trator Apostolic of Kimberley, and had the "Drysdale , Mission erected into an abbey nullius. He has now under his jurisdiction a territory of 174,000 sq. miles — an area nearly as large as five important states of the United States — viz., Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, W. Virginia, and Maine. The present position (1910) of the mission is: churches, 10; priests,- 17 (secular, 7) ; monastic students, 9; other religious, 33; nuns, 18; high school, 1; primary schools. 4: charitable institu- tions, 2; children attending Catholic schools, 350; Catholic population, 3000.
Jambs Flood.
New Orleans, Archdiocese or (Nova Atjbb- lle), erected 25 April, 1793, as the Diocese of Saint
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Louis of New Orleans; raised to its present rank and title 19 July, 1850. Its original territory comprised the ancient Louisiana Purchase and East and West Florida, being bounded on the north by the Canadian line, on the west by the Rocky Mountains and the Rio Perdito, on the east by the Diocese of Bal- timore, and on the south by the Diocese of Linares and the Archdiocese of Durango. The present boundaries include the State of Louisiana, between the twenty- ninth and thirty-first degree of north latitude, an area of 23,208 square miles. The entire territory of Louisiana has undergone a series of changes which divide its history into four distinct periods.
I. Eablt Colonial Period. — The discoverers and pioneers, De Soto, Iberville, La Salle, Bienville, were accompanied by missionaries in their expeditions through the Louisiana Purchase, and in the toilsome beginnings of the first feeble settlements, which were simply military posts, the Cross blazed the way. From the beginning of its history, Louisiana had been placed under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Quebec; in 1696 the priests of the Seminary of Quebec peti- tioned the second Bishop of Quebec for authority to establish missions in the West, investing the superior sent out by the seminary with the powers of vicar-gen- eral. The field for which they obtained this authori- zation (1 May, 1698) was on both banks of the Missis- sippi and its tributaries. They proposed to plant their first mission among the Tamarois, but when this became known, the Jesuits claimed that tribe as one already under their care: they received the new mis- sionaries with personal cordiality, but felt keenly the official action of Bishop St-Valfier, in what they re- garded as an intrusion. Fathers Jolliet de Montigny, Antoine Davion, and Francois Busion de Saint-Cosme were the missionaries sent to found the new missions in the Mississippi Valley. In 1699 Iberville, who had sailed from France, with his two brothers Bienville and Sauvolle, and Father Du Ru, S.J., coming up the estuary of the Mississippi, found Father Montigny among the Tensas Indians. Iberville left Sauvolle in command of the little fort at Biloxi, the first perma- nent settlement in Louisiana. Father Bordenave was its first chaplain, thus beginning the long line of zeal- ous parish priests in Louisiana.
In 1703 Bishop St-Vallier proposed to erect Mobile into a parish, and annex it in perpetuity to the sem- inary; the seminary agreed, and the Parish of Mobile was erected 20 July, 1703, and united to the Seminary of Foreign M issions of Paris and Quebec. Father Roul- leaux de la Vente, of the Diocese of Bayeux, was ap- pointed parish priest and Father Huve his assistant. The Biloxi settlement being difficult of access from the sea, Bienville thought it unsuitable for the headquar- ters of the province. In 1718, taking with him fifty men, he selected Tchoutchouma, the present site of New Orleans, about 110 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River, where there was a deserted Indian village. Bienville directed his men to clear the ground and erect buildings. The city was laid out according to the plans of the Chevalier Le Blond de La Tour, chief engineer of the colony, the plans including a parish church, which Bienville decided to dedicate under the invocation of St. Louis. The old St. Louis cathedral stands on the site of this first parish church, and the presbytery in Cathedral Alley is the site of the first modest clergy house. Bienville called the city New Orleans after the Due d'Orleans, and the whole territory Louisiana, or New France.
In August, 1717, the Due d'Orleans, as Regent of France, issued letters patent establishing a joint- stock company to be called "The Company of the West", to which Louisiana was transferred. The company was obliged to build churches at its own ex- pense wherever it should establish settlements; also to maintain the necessary number of duly approved priests to preach, perform Divine service, and admin-
ister the sacraments under the authority of the Bishop of Quebec. Bienville experienced much opposition from the Company of the West in his attempt to re- move the colony from Biloxi. In 1721 Father Fran- cois-Xavier de Charlevoix, S.J., one of the first his- torians of Louisiana, made a tour of New France from the Lakes to the Mississippi, visiting New Orleans, which he describes as " a little village of about one hundred cabins dotted here and there, with little at- tempt at order, a large wooden warehouse in which I said Mass, a chapel in course of construction and two storehouses". But under Bienville's direction the city soon took shape, and, with the consent of the com- pany, the colony was moved to this site in 1723. Fa- ther Charlevoix reported on the great spiritual desti- tution of the province occasioned by the missions being scattered so far apart and the scarcity of priests, and this compelled the council of the company to make efforts to improve conditions. Accordingly, the company applied to the Bishop of Quebec, and on 16 May, 1722, Louisiana was divided into three ecclesias- tical sections. The district north of the Ohio was en- trusted to the Society of Jesus and the Priests of the Foreign Missions of Paris and Quebec; that between the Mississippi and the Rio Perdito, to the Discalced Carmelite Fathers, with headquarters at Mobile. The Carmelites were recalled, not long after, and their dis- trict was given to the Capuchins.
A different arrangement was made for the Indian and new French settlements on the lower Mississippi. Because of the remoteness of this district from Que- bec, Father Louis-Francois Duplessis de Mornay, a Capuchin of Meudon, was consecrated, at Bishop St- Vallier's request, coadjutor Bishop of Quebec, 22 April, 1714. Bishop St-Vallier appointed him vicar- general for Louisiana, but he never came to America, although he eventually succeeded to the See of Que- bec. When the Company of the West applied to him for priests for the lower Mississippi Valley he offered the more populous field of colonists to the Capuchin Fathers of the Province of Champagne, who, however, did not take any immediate steps, and it was not till 1720 that any of the order came to Louisiana. Fa- ther Jean-Matthieu de Saint-Anne is the first whose name is recorded. He signs himself in 1720 in the register of the parish of New Orleans. The last entry of the secular clergy in Mobile was that of Rev. Alex- ander Huve, 13 January, 1721. The Capuchins came directly from France and consequently found applica- tion to the Bishop of Quebec long and tedious; Father Matthieu therefore applied to Rome for special pow- ers for fifteen missions under his charge, representing that the great distance from the Bishop of Quebec made it practically impossible for him to apply to the bishop. A brief was really issued (Michael a Tugio, "Bulfarium Ord. FF. Minor. S.P. Francisci Capuci- norum", Fol. 1740-52; BLI., pp. 322, 323), and Father Matthieu seems to have assumed that it exempted him from episcopal jurisdiction, for, on 14 March, 1723, he signs the register "Pere Matthieu, Vicaire Apostolique et Curd de la Mobile".
In 1722 Bishop de Mornay entrusted the spiritual jurisdiction of the Indians to the Jesuits, who were to establish missions in all parts of Louisiana with resi- dence at New Orleans, but were not to exercise any ecclesiastical function there without the consent of the Capuchins, though they were to minister to the French in the Illinois District, with the Priests of the Foreign Missions, where the superior of each body was a vicar- general, just as the Capuchin superior was at New Or- leans. In the spring of 1723 Father Raphael de Lux- embourg arrived to assume his duties as superior of the Capuchin Mission in Louisiana. It was a difficult task that the Capuchins had assumed. Their congre- gations were scattered over a large area; there was much poverty, suffering, and ignorance of religion. Father Raphael, in the cathedral archives, says that
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when he landed in New Orleans he oould hardly secure a room for himself and his brethren to occupy pending the rebuilding of the presbytery, much less one to con- vert into a chapel; for the population seemed indiffer- ent to all that savoured of religion. There were less than thirty persons at Mass on Sundays; yet, undis- mayed, the missionaries set to work and soon saw then* zeal rewarded with a greater reverence for reli- gion and more faithful attendance at church. In 1725 New Orleans had become an important settlement, the Capuchins having a flock of six hundred families. Mobile had declined to sixty families, the Apalache Indians (Catholics) numbered sixty families, there were six at the Batize, two hundred at St. Charles or Les Allemandes, one hundred at Point Coupee, six at Natchez, fifty at Natchitoches and the other missions which are not named in the " Bullarium Capucinorum " (Vol. VIII, p. 330).
The founder of the Jesuit Mission in New Orleans was Father Nicolas-Ignatius de Beaubois, who was appointed vicar-general for his district. He visited New Orleans and returned to France to obtain Fa- thers of the Society for his mission. Being also com- missioned by Bienville to obtain sisters of some order to assume charge of a hospital and school, he applied to the Ursulines of Rouen, who accepted the call. The royal patent authorizing the Ursulines to found a con- vent in Louisiana was issued 18 Sept., 1726. Mother Mary Tranchepain of St. Augustine, with seven pro- fessed nuns from Rouen, Le Havre, Vannes, Ploennel, Hennebon, and Elbceuf, a novice, Madeline Hau- chard, and two seculars, met at the infirmary at Henne- bon on 12 January, 1727, and, accompanied by Fa- thers Tartarin and Doutreleau, set sail for Louisiana. They reached New Orleans on 6 August to open the first convent for women within the present limits of the United States of America. As the convent was not ready for their reception, the governor gave up his own residence to them. The history of the Ursulines from their departure from Rouen through a period of thirty years in Louisiana, is told by Sister Madeline Hauchard in a diary still preserved in the Ursuline Convent of New Orleans, and which forms, with Fa- ther Charlevoix's history, the principal record of those .early days. On 7 August, 1727, the Ursulines began in Louisiana the work which has since continued with- out interruption. They opened a hospital for the care of the sick and a school for poor children, also an acad- emy which is now the oldest educational institution for women in the United States. The convent in which the Ursulines then took up their abode still stands, the oldest conventual structure in the United States and the oldest building within the limits of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1824 the Ursulines removed to the lower portion of the city, and the old convent became first the episcopal residence and then the di- ocesan chancery.
Meanwhile Father Mathurin le Petit, S.J., estab- lished a mission among the Choctaws; Father Du Poisson. among the Arkansas; Father Doutreleau, on the Wabash ; Fathers Tartarin and Le Boulenger, at Kaskaskiaj Father Guymonneau among the Metcho- gameas; Father Souej, among the Yazoos; Father Baudouin, among the Chickasaws. The Natchez In- dians, provoked by the tyranny and rapacity of Cho- part, the French commandant, in 1729 nearly de- stroyed all' these missions. Father Du Poisson and Father Souel were killed by the Indians. As an in- stance of the faith implanted in the Iroquois about this time there was received into the Ursuline Order at New Orleans, Mary Turpin, daughter of a Canadian father and an Illinois mother. She died a professed nun in 1761, at the age of fifty-two with the distinc- tion of being the first American born nun in this coun- try. From the beginning of the colony at Biloxi the immigration of women nad been small. Bienville made constant appeals to the mother country to send
honest wives and mothers. From time to time ships freighted with girls would arrive; they came over in charge of the Grey Nuns of Canada and a priest, and were sent by the king to be married to the colonists. The Bishop of Quebec was also charged with the duty of sending out young women who were known to be good and virtuous. As a proof of her respectability, each girl was furnished by the bishop with a curiously wrought casket; they are known in Louisiana history as "casket girls". Each band of girls, on arriving at New Orleans, was confided to the care of the Ursulines until they were married to colonists able to provide for their support. Many of the best families of the state are proud to trace their descent from "casket girls".
The city was growing and developing; a better class of immigrant was pouring in, and Father Charle- voix, on his visit in 1728, wrote to the Duchesse de Lesdiguteres: "My hopes, I think, are well founded that this wild and desert place, which the reeds and trees still cover, will be one day, and that not far dis- tant, a city of opulence and the metropolis of a rich colony." His words were prophetic: New Orleans was fast developing, and early chronicles say that it suggested the splendours of Paris. There was a gov- ernor with a military staff, bringing to the city the manners and splendour of the Court of Versailles, and the manners and usages of the mother country stamped on Louisiana fife characteristics in marked contrast to the life of any other American colony. The Jesuit Fathers of New Orleans had no parochial resi- dence, but directed the Ursulines, and had charge of their private chapel and a plantation where, in 1751, they introduced into Louisiana the culture of the sugar-cane, the orange, and the fig. The Capuchins established missions wherever they could. Bishop St- Vallier had been succeeded by Bishop de Mornay, who never went to Quebec, but resigned the see, after five years. His successor, Henri-Marie Du Breuil de Pontbriand, appointed Father de Beaubois, S.J., his vicar-general in Louisiana. The Capuchin Fathers refused to recognize Father de Beaubois' authority, claiming, under the agreement of the Company of the West with the coadjutor bishop, de Mornay, that the superior of the Capuchins was, in perpetuity, vicar- general of the province, and that the bishop could appoint no other. Succeeding bishops of Quebec declared, however, that they could not, as bishops, ad- mit that the assent of a coadjutor and vicar-general to an agreement with a trading company had forever de- prived every bishop of Quebec of the right to act as freely in Louisiana as in any other part of his diocese. This incident gave rise to some friction between the two orders which has been spoken of derisively by Louisiana historians, notably by Gayan-6, as "The War of the Capuchins and the Jesuits " . The archives of the diocese, as also the records of the Capuchins in Louisiana, show that it was simply a question of juris- diction, which gave rise to a discussion so petty as to be unworthy of notice. Historians exaggerate this be- yond all importance, while failing to chronicle the shameful spoliation of the Jesuits by the French Gov- ernment which suddenly settled the question forever.
In 1761 the Parliaments of several provinces of France had condemned the Jesuits, and measures were taken against them in the kingdom. They were ex- pelled from Paris, and the Superior Council of Louis- iana, following the example, on 9 June, 1763, just ten years before the order was suppressed by Clement XIV, passed an act suppressing the Jesuits throughout the province, declaring them dangerous to royal author- ity, to the rights of the bishops, and to the public safety. The Jesuits were charged with neglecting their mission, with having developed their plantation, and with having usurped the office of vicar-general. To the first charge the record of their labours was suffi- cient refutation; to the second, it was assuredly to the
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Louisiana say that he was never consecrated; others that he was, and died on the eve of leaving Rome. Bishop Portier (Spalding's "Life of Bishop Flaget"), says that he was translated to the See of Tarrazona. The See of New Orleans remained vacant many years after the departure of Bishop PeSalver.
In 1798 the Due d'Orleans (afterwards King Louis- Philippe of France) with his two brothers, the Due de Montpensier and the Count de Beaujolais, visited New Orleans. They were received with honour, and when Louis-Philippe became King of France he re- membered many of those who had entertained him when in exile, and was generous to the Church in the old French province.
III. French and American Period. — By the Treaty of San Ildefonse, the Spanish King on 1 Octo- ber, 1800, engaged to retrocede Louisiana to the French Republic six months after certain conditions and stipulations had been executed on the part of France, and the Holy See deferred the appointment of a bishop.
On 30 April, 1803, without waiting for the actual transfer of the province, Napoleon Bonaparte by the Treaty of Paris sold Louisiana to the United States. De Laussat, the French Commissioner, had reached New Orleans on 26 March, 1803, to take possession of the province in the name of France. Spain was pre- paring to evacuate and general confusion prevai led. Very Rev. Thomas Hasset, the administrator of the diocese, was directed to address each priest and ascer- tain whether they preferred to return with the Span- ish forces or remain in Louisiana; also to obtain from each parish an inventory of the plate, vestments, and other articles in the Church which had been given by the Spanish Government. Then came the news of the cession of the province to the United States. On 30 April, 1803, De Laussat formally surrendered the 'col- ony to the United States commissioners. The people felt it keenly, and the cathedral archives show the dif- ficulties to be surmounted. Father Hasset, as admin- istrator, issued a letter to the clergy on 10 June, 1803, announcing the new domination and notifying all of the permission to return to Spain if they desired. Sev- eral priests signified their desire to follow the Spanish standard. The question of withdrawal was also dis- cussed by the Ursuline Nuns. Thirteen out of the twenty-one choir nuns were in favour of returning to Spain or going to Havana. De Laussat went to the convent and assured them that they could remain un- molested. Notwithstanding this Mother St. Monica and eleven others, with nearly all the lay sisters ap-
6 lied to the Marquis de Casa Calvo to convey them to [avana. Six choir nuns and two lay sisters remained to begin again the work in Louisiana. They elected Mother St. Xavier Fargeon as superioress, and re- sumed all the exercises of community life, maintaining their academy, day school, orphan asylum, hospital and instructions for coloured people in catechism. Fa- ther Hasset wrote to Bishop Carroll, 23 December, 1803, that the retrocession of the province to the United States of America impelled him to present to his consideration the present ecclesiastical state of Louisiana, not doubting that it would soon fall under his jurisdiction. The ceded province consisted of twenty-one parishes some of which were vacant. "The churches were", to use his own words, "all de- cent temples and comfortably supplied with orna- ments and everything necessary for divine services. ... Of twenty-six ecclesiastics in the province only four had agreed to continue their respective stations under the French Government; and whether any more would remain under that of the United States only God knew." Father Hasset said that for his own part he felt that he could not with propriety, relinquish his post, and consequently awaited superior orders to take Lis departure. He said that the Rev. Patrick Walsh, vicar-general and auxiliary governor of the diocese,
had declared that he would not abandon his post pro- viding he could hold it with propriety. Father Hasset died m April 1804. Father Antonio Sedella had re- turned to New Orleans in 1791, and resumed his du- ties as parish priest of the St. Louis Cathedral to which he had been appointed by Bishop Cirilo. After the cession a dispute arose between him and Father Walsh, and the latter, 27 March, 1805, established the Ursuline Convent as the only place in the parish for the administration of the sacraments and the cele- bration of the Divine Office. On 21 March, 1804, the Ursulines addressed a letter to Thomas Jefferson. President of the United States, in which they solicited the passage of an Act of Congress guaranteeing their property and rights. The president replied reassuring the Ursulines. " The principles of the constitution of the United States", he wrote, "are a sure guaranty to -you that it will be preserved to you sacred and inviolate, and that your Institution will be per- mitted to govern itself according to its own voluntary rules without interference from the civil authority. Whatever diversity of shades may appear in the re- ligious opinions of our fellow citizens, the charitable objer la of your Institution cannot be of indifference to any; and its furtherance of the wholesome purpose by training up its young members in the way they should go, cannot fail to insure the patronage of the govern- ment it is under. Be assured that it will meet with all the protection my office can give it."
Father Walsh, administrator of the diocese, died on 22 August, 1806, and was buried in the Ursuline chapel. The Archiepiscopal See of Santo Domingo-, the metro- politan of the province, to which the Diocese of Louis- iana and the Floridas belonged, was vacant, and not one of the bishops of the Spanish province would in- terfere in the New Orleans Diocese, though the Bishop of Havana extended his authority once more over the Florida portion of the diocese. As the death of Father Walsh left the diocese without any one to govern it, Bishop Carroll, who had meanwhile informed himself of the condition of affairs, resolved to act under the decree of 1 Sept., 1805, and assume administration. Father Antoine had been openly accused of intriguing against the Government; but beyond accusations made to Bishop Carroll there is nothing to substantiate them. He was much loved in New Orleans and some of his friends desired to obtain the influence of the French Government to have him appointed to the Bishopric of Louisiana. However, there is in the archives of the New Orleans cathedral a letter from Father Antoine to the Bishop of Baltimore declaring that having heard that some members of the clergy and laity had applied to Rome to have him appointed to the Bish- opric of Louisiana, he hereby declared to the Bishop of Baltimore that he could not consider the proposi- tion, that he was unworthy of the honour and too old to do any good. He would be grateful to the bishop if he would cut short any further efforts in that direction.
Bishop Carroll wrote to James Madison, secretary of State (17 November, 1806) in regard to the Church in Louisiana, and the recommending of two or three clergymen one of whom might be appointed Bishop of New Orleans. Mr. Madison replied that the matter being purely ecclesiastical the Government could not interfere. He seemed, however, to share the opinions of Bishop Carroll in regard to the character ana rights of Father Antoine. In 1806 a decree of the Propaganda confided Louisiana to the care of Bishop Carroll of Bal- timore, and created him administrator Apostolic. He appointed Rev. John Olivier (who had been at Caho- kia until 1803), Vicar-General of Louisiana and chap- lain of the Ursuline Nuns at New Orleans. Father Olivier presented his documents to the Governor of Louisiana, and also wrote to Father Antoine Sedella apprising him of the action of the Propaganda. Father . Antoine called upon Father Olivier, but he was not satisfied as to Bishop Carroll's authorisation. The
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vicar-general published the decree and the bishop's letter at the convent chapel. The Rev. Thoma&Flynn wrote from St. Louis. 8 Nov., 1806, that the trustees were about to install him. He describes the church as a good one with a tolerably good bell, a high altar, and commodious pews. The house for the priest was con- venient but in need of repair. Except Rev. Father Maxwell there was scarcely a priest in Upper Louisiana in 1807.
As the original rescript issued by the Holy See to Bishop Carroll had not been so distinct and clear as to obviate objections, he applied to the Holy See asking that more ample and distinct authorization be sent. The Holy See placed the Province of Louisiana under Bishop Carroll who was requested to send to the New Orleans Diocese either Rev. Charles Nerinckx or some secular or regular priest, with the rank of administra- tor Apostolic and the rights of an ordinary to continue only at the good will of the Holy See according to in- structions to be forwarded by the Propaganda. Bishop Carroll did not act immediately, but on 18 August, 1812, appointed the Rev. Louis G. V. Dubourg Admin- istrator Apostolic of the Diocese of Louisiana and the two Floridas. Dr. Dubourg's authority was at once recognized by Father Antoine and the remainder of the clergy. The war between the United States and Great Britain was in progress and as the year 1814 drew to a close, Dr. Dubourg issued a pastoral letter calling upon the people to pray for the success of the American arms. During the battle of New Orleans (8 January, 1815) Gen. Andrew Jackson sent a mes- senger to the Ursulinc Convent to ask for prayers for his success. When victory came he sent a courier thanking the sisters for their prayers, and he decreed a public thanksgiving; a solemn high Mass was cele- brated in the St. Louis Cathedral; 23 January, 1815. The condition of religion in the diocese was not en- couraging, seven out of fourteen parishes were vacant. Funds were also needed, and Dr. Dubourg went to Rome to ask for aid for his diocese. There the Propa- ganda appointed him bishop, 18 September, 1818, and on 24 September he was consecrated by Cardinal Joseph Pamfili (see DuBotma).
Bishop Dubourg proposed the division of the dio- cese ana the erection of a see in Upper Louisiana, but the news of troubles among the clergy in New Orleans and the attempt of the trustees to objtain a charter depriving the bishop of his cathedral so alarmed him that he solicited the Propaganda to allow him to take up his residence in St. Louis and establish his seminary and other educational institutions there. He sailed from Bordeaux for New Orleans (28 June, 1817), accompanied by five priests, four subdeacons, eleven seminarians, and three Christian Brothers. He took possession of the church at St. Genevieve, a ruined wooden structure, and was installed by Bishop Flaget. He then established the Lazarist Seminary at Bois Brule ("The Barrens"), and brought from Bardstown, where they were temporarily sojourn- ing. Father Andreis, Father Rosati, and the semi- narians who had accompanied him from Europe. The Brothers of the Christian Doctrine opened a boys' school at St. Genevieve. At his request the Religious of the Sacred Heart, comprising Mes- dames Philippe Duchesne, Berthold, Andre.and two lay sisters reaching New Orleans, 30 May, 1818, proceeded to St. Louis and opened their convent at Florissant. In 1821 they established a convent at Grand Coteau, Louisiana. The Faith made great prog- ress throughout the diocese. On 1 January, 1821, Bishop Dubourg held the first synod since the Pur- chase of Louisiana. Where he had .found ten super- annuated priests there were now forty active, zealous men at work. Still appeals came from all parts of the immense diocese for priests; among others he received a letter from the banks of the Columbia in Qregon begging him to send a priest to minister to 1500 Cath-
olics there who had never had any one to attend to them. The Ursuline Nuns, frequently annoyed by being summoned to court, appealed to the Legisla- ture claiming the privileges they had enjoyed under the French and Spanish dominations' Their ancient rights were recognized and a law was passed, 28 Janu- ary, 1818, enacting that where the testimony of a nun was required H should be taken at the convent by commission. It had a far-reaching effect in later days upon legislation in the United States in similar cases.
Spain by treaty ceded Florida to the United States, 22 February, 1818, and Bishop Dubourg was then able to extend his episcopal care to that part of his diocese, the vast extent of which prompted him to form plans for the erection of a metropolitan see west of the Alleghanies. This did not meet with the ap- proval of the bishops of the United States; he then proposed to divide the Diocese of Louisiana and the Floridas, establishing a Bee at New Orleans embracing Lower Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Finally, 13 August, 1822, the Vicariate Apostolic of Mississippi and Alabama was formed with the Rev. Joseph Rosati, elected Bishop of Tenagra, as vicar Apostolic. But Archbishop Marechal of Baltimore remonstrated because in establishing this vicariate, the Propaganda had inadvertently invaded the rights' of the Archbishop of Baltimore as the whole of those States except a small portion south of the thirty-first degree between Perdido and Pearl River belonged to the Diocese of Baltimore. Bishop Rosati also wrote representing the poverty and paucity of the Catholics in Mississippi and Alabama, and the necessity of his remaining at the head of the seminary. Finally his arguments and the protests of the Archbishop of Bal- timore prevailed, and the Holy See suppressed the vi- cariate, appointing Dr. Rosati coadjutor to Bishop Dubourg to reside at St. Louis. Bishop Rosati was consecrated by Bishop Dubourg. at Donaldsonville, 25 March, 1824, and proceeded at once to St. Louis. In 1823 Bishop Dubourg took up the subject of the Indian Missions and laid before the Government the necessity of a plan for the civilization and conversion of the Indians west of the Mississippi. His plan met with the approval of the Government and an allowance of $200 a year was assigned to four or five missionaries, to be increased if the project proved successful.
On 29 August, 1825, Alabama and the Floridas were erected into a vicariate Apostolic, with the Rev. Michael Portier the first bishop. The Holy See di- vided the Diocese of Louisiana (18 July, 1826) and established the See of New Orleans with Louisiana as its diocese, and the Vicariate Apostolic of Mississippi to be administered by the Bishop of New Orleans. The country north of Louisiana was made the Diocese of St. Louis, Bishop Rosati being transferred to that see. ' Bishop Dubourg, though a man of vast projects and of great service to the Church, was little versed in business methods; discouraged at the difficulties that rose to thwart him he resigned his see and was transferred to Montauban. Bishop Rosati, appointed to the See of New Orleans, declined the appointment urging that his knowledge of English qualified him to labour better in Missouri, Illinois, and Arkansas, while he was not sufficiently versed in French to address the people of New Orleans with success. On 20 March, 1827, the papal Brief arrived permitting him to re- main in St. Louis but charging him for a while with the administration of the See of New Orleans. He appointed the Rev. Leo Raymond de Neckere, CM., vicar-general, and strongly recommended his appoint- ment for the vacant see. Father de Neckere, then in Belgium whither he had gone to recuperate his health, was summoned to Rome and appointed bishop. Returning to New Orleans he was consecrated, 16 May, 1830. Bishop de Neckere was born, 6 June, 1800, at Wevelghem, Belgium, and while a seminarian at Ghent, was accepted for the Diocese of New Orleans
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by Bishop Dubourg. He joined the Laz arista and was ordained in St. Louis, Missouri, 13 October, 1822. On 23 February, 1832, he convoked a synod attended by twenty-one priests. Regulations were promulgated for better discipline and steps were taken to form an association for the dissemination of good literature.
Americans were now. pouring into New Orleans. The ancient French limits had long since disappeared. Such was the enterprise on all sides that in 1830 New Orleans ranked in importance immediately after New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. It was the greatest cotton and sugar market in the world._ Irish emigration also set in, and a church for the English-speaking peo- ple was an absolute necessity as the cathedral and the old Ursuline chapel were the only places of worship in New Orleans. A site was bought on Camp Street near Julia, a frame church, St. Patrick's, was erected and dedicated on 21 April, 1833. Rev. Adam Kinde- lon was the pastor of this, the first English-speaking congregation of New Orleans. The foundation of this parish was one of the last official acts of Bishop de Neckere. The year wasoneof sickness and death. Chol- era and yellow fever raged. The priests were kept busy day and night, and the vicar general. Father $ . Rich- ards, and Fathers Martial, Tichitoli, Kindelon fell vic- tims to their zeal. Bishop de Neckere, who had retired to a convent at Convent, La., in hope of restoring his shattered health, returned at once to the city upon the outbreak of the epidemic, and began visiting and min- istering to the plague-stricken. Soon he too was seized with fever and succumbed ten days later, 5 September, 1833. Just before the bishop's death there arrived in New Orleans a priest who was destined to exercise for many years an influence upon the life and progress of the Church and the Commonwealth, Father James Ignatius Mullen; he was immediately appointed to .the vacant rectorship of St. Patrick's. Upon the death of Bishop de Neckere, Fathers Anthony Blanc and V. Lavadiere, S.J., became the administrators of the diocese. In November, undismayed by the epi- demic which still continued, a band of Sisters of Char- ity set out from Emmitsburg, to take charge of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. The sisters had come into the diocese about 1832 to assume the direc- tion of the Poydras Asylum, erected by Julian Poy- dras, a Huguenot. Seven of the new colony from Emmitsburg were sent to the Asylum and ten to the Charity Hospital. Bishop de Neckere had invited the Tertiary Sisters of Mount Carmel to make a foun- dation in New Orleans, which they did on 22 October, 1833, a convent school and orphanage being opened.
Father Augustine Jean jean was selected by Rome to fill the episcopal vacancy, but he declined and Father Anthony Blanc was appointed and consecrated on 22 November, 1835 (see Blanc, Anthony) . Bishop Blanc knew the great want of the diocese, the need of priests, whose ranks had been decimated by age, pes- tilence, and overwork. To meet this want Bishop Blanc asked the Jesuits to establish a college in Louisi- ana. They arrived on 22 January, 1837, and opened a college at Grand Cofeau on 5 January, 1838. He then invited the Lazansts and on 20 December, 1838, they arrived and at once opened a diocesan seminary at Bayou Lafourche. In 1836, Julian Poydras having died, the Asylum which he founded passed entirely under Presbyterian auspices, and the SisteTs of Char- ity being compelled to relinquish the direction, St. Patrick's Orphan Asylum, now New Orleans Female Orphan Asylum, was founded and placed under their care. In 1841 the Sisters Marianites of Holy Cross came to New Orleans to assume charge of St. Mary's Orphan Boys' Asylum. They opened also an Acad- emy for young ladies and the Orphanage of the Immac- ulate Conception for girls. The wants of the coloured people also deeply concerned Bishop Blanc, and he worked assiduously for the proper spiritual care of the ■laves. After the insurrection of San Domingo in
1703 a large number of free coloured people from that island who were slave-holders themselves took refuge in New Orleans. Thus was created a free coloured population among Which successive epidemics played havoc leaving aged and orphans to be cared for. Ac- cordingly in 1842 Bishop Blanc and Father Rousselon, V.G., founded the Sisters of the Holy Family, whose duty was the care of the coloured orphans and the aged coloured poor. It was the first coloured sisterhood founded in the United States, and one of the only two that exist.
Bishop Blanc planned the erection of new parishes in the City of New Orleans, and St. Joseph's and the Annunciation were founded in 1844. The foundation of these parishes greatly diminished the congregation of the cathedral and the trustees seeing their influence waning entered upon a new war against religion. Upon the death of Father Aldysius Moni, Bishop Blanc appointed Father C. Maenhaut rector of the cathe- dral, but the wardens refused to recognise his appoint- ment, claiming the right of patronage formerly en- joyed by the King of Spain. They brought an action against the bishop in the parish court, but the judge decided against the trustees, and the case was appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decided that the right to nominate a parish priest, or the jus patronalus of Spanish law, was abrogated in the state, and the decision of the Holy See was sustained. But the wardens refused to recognize this decision and the bishop ordered the clergy to withdraw from the cathedral and parochial residence. One of the mem- bers of the board, who was a member of the city council, obtained the passage of a law punishing by fine any priest who should perform the burial service over a dead body except in the old mortuary chapel erected in 1826 as part of the cathedral parish. Under this ordinance Rev. Bernard Permoli was prosecuted. The old chapel had long outlived its purpose, and on 19 December, 1842. Judge Preval decided the ordi- nance illegal, and the Supreme Court of the United States sustained his decision. The faithful of St. Patrick's parish having publicly protested against the outrageous proceedings, the tide of public opinion set in strongly against the men who thus defied all church authority. In January, 1843, the latter submitted and received the parish priest appointed by the bishop. Soon after the faithful Catholics of the city petitioned the Legislature to amend the Act incorporating the cathedral, and bring it into harmony with ecclesiasti- cal discipline. Even after the decision of the Legis- lature the bishop felt that he could not treat with the wardens as they defied his authority by authorizing the erection of a monument to Freemasons in the Catholic cemetery of St. Louis. To free the faithful, he therefore continued to plan for the organization of
1>arishes and the erection of new churches. Only one ow Mass was said at the cathedral, and that on Sun- day. Bishop Blanc convened the third synod of the diocese on 21 April, at which the clergy were warned against yielding to the illegal claims of trustees, and the erection of any church without a deed being first made to the bishop was forbidden. For the churches in which the trustees system still existed special regu- lations were made, governing the method of keeping accounts. At the close of 1844 the trustees, defeated in the courts and held in contempt by public opinion throughout the diocese, yielded completely to Bishop Blanc.
This controversy terminated, a period of remarkable activity in the organization of parishes and the build- ing of new churches set in. The cornerstone of St. Mary's, intended to replace the old Ursuline chapel attached to the bishop s house, was laid on 16 Feb., 1845; that of St. Joseph's on 16 April. 1846; that of the Annunciation on 10 May, 1846. The Redemptor- ists founded the parish of the Assumption, and were installed in its church on 22 Oct., 1847. The parish
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of Mater Dolorosa at Carroll ton (then a suburb) was founded on 8 Sept. ; that of the Holy Name of Mary at Algiers on 18 Dec., 1848. In 1849 St. Stephen's par- iah in the then suburb of Bouligny under the Lazarist Fathers and Sts. Peter and Paul came into existence. The corner-stone of the Redemptorist church of St. Alphonsus was laid by the famous Apostle of Temper- ance, Father Theobald Mathew, on 11 April, 1850; two years later it was found necessary to enlarge this 'church, and a school was added. In 1851 the founda- tion-stone of the church of the Immaculate Concep- tion was laid, on the site of a humbler edifice erected in 1848. This is said to have been the first church in the world dedicated to the Immaculate Conception. The parishes of St. John the Baptist in the upper town and of St. Anne in the French quarter were organized in 1852.
The French congregation of Notre-Dame de Bon Secours was organized on 16 Jan., 1858. In the midst of great progress yellow fever broke out and five priests and two Sisters of Charity swelled the roll of martyrs. The devoted services of the Sisters of Charity, especially during the ravages of the yellow fever, in attending the sick and caring for the orphans were so highly appreciated by the Legislature that in 1846 the State made them a grant of land near Donald- sonville for the opening of a novitiate, and a general subscription was made throughout the diocese for this purpose. The sisters established themselves in Donaldsonville the same year.
In 1843, anxious to provide for the wants of the in- creasing German and Irish emigration, Bishop Blanc had summoned the Congregation of the Redemptorists to the diocese and the German parish of St. Mary's Assumption was founded by Rev. Czackert of that congregation. In 1847 the work of the Society of Jesus in the diocese, which had been temporarily suspended, was resumed under Father Maisounabe as superior, and a college building was st arted on 10 June. In the following year Father Maisounabe and a bril- liant young Irish associate, Father Blackney, fell vic- tims to yellow fever. The population of New Orleans now numbered over fifty thousand, among whom were many German immigrants. Bishop Blanc turned over the old Ursuline chapel to the Germans of the lower portion of the city, and a church was erected, which finally resulted in the foundation of the Holy Trinity
?arish on 26 October, 1847. In 1849 the College of St. aul was opened at Baton Rouge. On 13 July, 1852, St. Charles College became a corporate institution with Rev. A. J. Jourdan, S.J., as president. In 1849 Bishop Blanc attended the Seventh Council of Baltimore at which the bishops expressed their desire that the See of New Orleans be raised to metropolitan rank. On 19 July, 1850, Pius X established the Archdiocese of New Orleans, Bishop Blanc being raised to the archi- episcopal dignity. The Province of New Orleans was to embrace New Orleans with Mobile, Natchez, Little Rock, and Galveston as suffragan sees. The spirit of Knownothingism invaded New Orleans as other parts of the United States, and Archbishop Blanc found himself in the thick of the battle. Publio debates were held, conspicuous among those who did yeoman service in crushing the efforts of the party in Louisiana being the Hon. Thos. J. Semmes, a dis- tinguished advocate, Rev. Francis Xavier Leray and Rev. N. J. Perche, both afterwards Archbishop of New Orleans. Father Perche founded (1844) a French diocesan journal "Le Propagateur Catholique", which vigorously assailed the Knownothing doctrines. On 6 June a mob attacked the office of the paper, and also made a fierce attack on the Ursuline Convent, breaking- doors and windows and hurling insults at the nuns.
In 1853 New Orleans was desolated by the worst epi- demic of yellow fever in its history, seven priests and five sisters being among its victims. On 6 March,
1854, the School Sisters of Notre Dame arrived in New Orleans to take charge of St. Joseph's Asylum, founded to furnish homes for those orphaned by the epidemic. St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum was also opened as a home for foundlings and infant orphans, and entrusted to the Sisters of Charity. On 29 July, 1853, the Holy See divided the Diocese of New Or- leans, which at that time embraced all Louisiana, and established the See ot Natchitoches (q. v.). The new diocese contained about twenty-five thousand Catho- lics, chiefly a rural population, for whom there were only seven churches. The Convent of the Sacred Heart at Natchitoches was the only religious institution in the new diocese. In 1854 Archbishop Blanc went to Rome and was present at the solemn definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. In his report to the Propaganda he describes his diocese as contain- ing forty quasi-parishes, each with a church and one or two priests and a residence for the clergy; the city had eighteen churches. The diocese had a seminary under 'the Priests of the Mission with an average of nine stu- dents; the religious orders at Work were the Jesuits with three establishments, Priests of the Mission with three, and Redemptorists with two. The Catholic
gopulation of 95,000 was made up of natives of French, pani&h, Irish, or American origin, French, Germans, Spaniards, and Italians. Distinctive Catholic schools were increasing. The Ursulines, Religious of the Sa- cred Heart, Sisters of Holy Charity, Marianites of the Holy Cross, Tertiary Carmelites, School Sisters of Notre Dame, and the Coloured Sisters of the Holy Family were doing excellent work. Many abuses had crept in especially with regard to marriage, but after the erection of new churches with smaller parochial school districts, religion had gained steadily and the frequentation of the sacraments was increasing.
In 1855 the Fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Cross came to New Orleans to establish a manual in- dustrial school for the training of the orphan boys who had been rendered homeless by the terrible epidemic of 1853. They established themselves in the lower portion of New Orleans, and became inseparably iden- tified with religious and educational progress. In 1879 they opened their college, which is now one of the lead- ing institutions of Louisiana. On 20 January, 1856, the First Provincial Council of New Orleans was held, and in January, 1858, Archbishop Blanc held the fourth diocesan synod. In 1859 the Sisters of the Good Shepherd were called by Archbishop Blanc to New Orleans to open a reformatory for girls. Bishop Blanc opened another diocesan seminary in the same year, and placed it in charge of the Lazarist Fathers. He convoked the second provincial council on 22 Janu- ary, 1860. Just before the second session opened he was taken so seriously ill that he could no longer at- tend the meetings; he rallied and seemed to regain his usual health, Dut he died 20 June following.
Right Rev. John Mary Odin, Bishop of Galveston, was appointed successor to Archbishop Blanc, and ar- rived in New Orleans on the Feast of Pentecost, 1861. The Civil War had already begun and excitement was intense. All the prudence and charity of the arch- bishop were needed as the war progressed. An earnest maintainer of discipline, Archbishop Odin found it necessary on 1 January, 1863, to issue regulations re- garding the recklessness and carelessness that had pre- vailed in the temporal management of the churches the indebtedness of which he had been compelled to assume to save them from bankruptcy. The regula- tions were not favourably received, and the arch- bishop visited Rome returning in the spring of 1863, when he had obtained the approval of theHoly See for his course of action. It was not till some time later that through his charity and zeal he obtained the cor- dial support he desired. His appeals for priests while in Europe were not unheeded and early in 1863 forty seminarians and five Ursulines arrived with Bishop Du-
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buis of Galveston. Among the priests were Fathers Gustave A. Rouxel, later Auxiliary Bishop of New Or- leans under Archbishop Chapelle, Thomas Heslin, afterwards Bishop of Natchez, and J. R. Bogaerts, vicar-general under Archbishop Janssens. In 1860 the Dominican Nuns from Cabra, Ireland, came to New Orleans to take charge of St. John the Baptist School and open an academy. In 1864 the Sisters of Mercy came to the city to assume charge of St. Alphonsus' School and Asylum and open a convent and boarding- school, and the Marists were offered the Church of St. Michael at Convent, La. On 12 July, 1864, they as- sumed charge of Jefferson College founded by the State in 1835, and donated to them by Valcour Aime, a wealthy planter. The diocese was incorporated on 15 August, 1866, the legal name and title being "The Ro- man Catholic Church of the Diocese of New Orleans". In 1867 during a terrible epidemic of yellow fever and cholera, Fathers Spiessberger and Seelos of the Re- demptorists died martyrs of charity. Father Seelos was regarded as a saint and the cause of his beatifica- ' tion has been introduced in Rome (1905). In 1866, owing to financial trials throughout the South, the di- ocesan seminary was closed. In February, 1868. Arch- bishop Odin founded "The Morning Star" as the offi- cial organ of the Archdiocese, which it has continued to be.
During the nine years of Bishop Odin's administra- tion he nearly doubled the number of his clergy and churches. He attended the Council of the Vatican, but was obliged to leave Rome on the entry of the Garibaldian troops. His health was broken and he returned to his native home, Ambierle, France, where he died on 25 May, 1870. He was born on 25 February, 1801, and entered the Lazarists. He came as a novice to their seminary, The Barrens, in St. Louis, where he completed his theological studies and received ordination (see Galveston, Diocese of). He was an excellent administrator and left his diocese free from debt.
Archbishop Odin was succeeded by the Rev. Napo- leon Joseph Perche, born at Angers, France, January, 1805, and died on27 December, 1883. Thelattercom- pleted his studies at the Seminary of Beauprd, was or- dained on 19 September, 1829, and sent to Murr near Angers where he worked zealously. In 1837 he came to America with Bishop Flaget and was appointed pastor of Portland. He came to New Orleans with Bishop Blanc in 1841, and he soon became famous in Louis- iana for his eloquence and learning. Archbishop Odin petitioned Rome for the appointment of Father Perche as his coadjutor with the right of succession. His request was granted and. on 1 May, 1870, Father Perche was consecrated in the cathedral of New Or- leans titular Bishop of Abdera. He was promoted to the see on 25 May, 1870. One of his. first acts was the re-establishment of the diocesan seminary. The Benedictine Nuns were received into the diocese in 1870.
The Congregation of the Immaculate Conception, a diocesan sisterhood, was founded in the year 1873 by Father Cyprien Venissat, at Labadieville, to afford education and assistance to the children of families impoverished by the war. In 1875 the Poor Clares made a foundation, and on 21 November, 1877, the Discalced Carmelite Nuns of St. Louis sent two mem- bers to make a foundation in New Orleans, their mon- astery being opened on 11 May, 1878. In 1878 the new parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was organized and placed in charge of the Holy Cross Fathers from Indiana. On 12 October, 1872, the Sisters of Perpet- ual Adoration opened their missions and schools in New Orleans. In 1879 the Holy Cross Fathers opened a college in the lower portion of the city. Owing to the financial difficulties it was necessary to close the di- ocesan seminary in 1881. Archbishop Perche was a great scholar, but he lacked administrative ability. In
his desire to relieve Southern families ruined by the war, he gave to all largely and royally, and thus plunged the diocese into a debt of over $600,000. He was growing very feeble and an application was made to Rome for a coadjutor.
Bishop Francis Xavier Leray of Natchitoches was transferred to New Orleans as coadjutor and Apostolic administrator of affairs on 23 October, 1879, and at once set to work to liquidate the immense debt. It was during the administration of Archbishop Perche and the coadjutorship of Bishop Leray that the Board of Trustees of the cathedral which formerly had caused so much trouble passed out of existence in July, 1881, and transferred all the cathedral property to Arch- bishop Perche and Bishop Leray jointly, for the bene- fit and use of the Catholic population. Archbishop Leray was born at Chateau Giron, Brittany, France, 20 April, 1825. He responded to the appeal for priests for the Diocese of Louisiana in 1843, and com- pleted his theological studies at the Sulpician seminary in Baltimore. He accompanied Bishop Chanche to Natchez and was ordained by him on 19 March, 1852; He was a most active missionary in the Mississippi district and in 1860 when pastor of Vicksburg he brought the Sisters of Mercy from Baltimore to estab- lish a school there. Several times during his years of activity as a priest he was stricken with yellow fever.
During the Civil War, he served as a Con- federate chaplain; and on several occasions he was taken prisoner by the Federal forces but released as soon as the sacred character of his office was estab- lished. On the death of Bishop Martin he was ap- pointed to the See of Natchitoches, and consecrated on 22 April, 1877, at Rennes, France; on 23 Octo- ber, 1879, he was appointed coadjutor to Archbishop Perche of New Orleans and Bishop of Janopolis. His most difficult task was the bringing of financial order out of chaos and reducing the enormous debt of the diocese. In this he met with great success. During his administration the debt was reduced by at least $300,000. His health, however, became impaired, and he went to France in the hope of recuperating, and died at Chateau Giron, on 23 September, 1887.
The see remained vacant for nearly a year. Very Rev. G. A. Rouxel administering the affairs of the dio- cese, until the Right Rev. Francis Janssens, Bishop of Natchez, was promoted to fill the vacancy on 7 Au- gust, 1888, and took possession on 16 September, 1888. Archbishop Janssens was born at Tillburg, Holland, on 17 October, 1843. At thirteen he began his studies in the seminary at Bois-le-Duc; he re- mained there ten years, and in 1866 entered the Amer- ican College at Louvain, Belgium. He was ordained on 21 December, 1867, and arranged to come to Amer- ica. He arrived at Richmond m September, 1868, and became pastor of the cathedral in 1870. He was administrator of the diocese pending the appointment of the Right Rev. James (later Cardinal) Gibbons to the vacant see; Bishop Gibbons appointed him vicar- general, and five years later when he was appointed to the Archiepiscopal See of Baltimore, Father Janssens became again administrator of the diocese. On 7 April, 1881, the See of Natchez became vacant by the promotion of Right Rev. Wm. Elder as Archbishop of Cincinnati ana Father Janssens succeeded. While Bishop of Natchez he completed the cathedral com- menced forty years before by Bishop Chanche. Not the least of the difficulties that awaited him as Arch- bishop of New Orleans was the heavy indebtedness resting upon the see and the constant drain thus made which had exhausted the treasury. There was no seminary and the rapid growth of the population aug- mented the demand for priests. He at once called a meeting of the clergy and prominent citizens, and plans were formulated for the gradual liquidation of the debt of the diocese, which was found to be
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tpmd of ■■■"■*"»' activity. One of his first acts, March. 1890. was to fowl a attic wag opened at PonfaAatanla, La_ 3 September. 1891, and placed under the direction of Fathers. He went to Europe in 1889 to atone priests (or the diocese aad to arrange for the sale of bonds for the itqxndxUoa of the debt In August. 1892. after the lynching of the ItaBans who assassinated the chief of ponce, the Vwantiiry Sister* of the Sacred Heart, founded m Italy by Mother Cabriaa for work unnw Itaiaa CHiigianta. arrived in New Orieaas aad opened a large anwaoa, a free school, aid aa asyfam for ltahaa orphans, aad began also mission work among the Italian gardeners on the outskirts of the city and at Kenaer. La. The same year a terrific cyclone aad storm swept the Louisiana Golf coast, and laid low the
"t»~t« *t,~C rVnntT»«^« fTmiiw f m lwr> thrw »-»« a
settlement of Itafian and Spanish aad MabT fisher- men. Oat of a population of 1500 over 800 were swept away. ReV. Father Grirnand pq framed the banal services over 400 bodies as they were washed ashore. Father Bedel at Boras boned over three handled, and went out at night to succour the wander- ing and herpiesa. Archbishop Janasens in a small boat went among the lonely and desolate island settle- ments comforting the people and helping them to re- build their broken homes.
In 1893. the centenary of the diocese wag celebrated with splendour at the St. Look Cathedral; Cardinal Gibbons and many of the hierarchy were present. Archbishop Janasens was instrumental, at this time, in establishing the Louisiana Lepers' Home at Indian Camp, and it was through his offices that the Sisters of Charity from Emmitsburg took charge of the home. He was deeply interested in the work of the coloured Sisters of the Holy Family, now domiciled in the ancient Quadroon Ball Room and Theatre of tmte- Mhos days, which had been turned into a convent and boarding-school. Through the generosity of a coloured philanthropist, Thorny Lafon, Archbishop lira— ' at was enabled to provide a larger and more comfortable home for the aged coloured poor, a new asyhnn for the boys, and through the legacy of $20,000 left for this purpose by Mr. Lafon, who died in 1883, a special home, onder the care of the Sisters of the Good Shepherd, for the reform of coloured girls. The St. John Berehman's chapel, a memorial to Thorny lafon, was erected in the Convent of the Holy Family which he had so befriended. At this time Archbishop Janasens estimated the number of Catholics in the diocese at 341,613; the value of church property at $3361,075; the number of baptisms a year 15,000 and the number of deaths, 5000.
In 1896 the Catholic Whiter School of America was organised and was formally opened by Cardinal SatoTfi, then Apostohc Delegate to the United States. After the death of Archbishop Janasens the lecture courses were abandoned. The active life led by the archbishop told heavily upon him. Anxious to liqui- date entirely the debt of the diocese he made arrange- ments to visit Europe in 1897, but died aboard the steamer Creole. 19 June, on the voyage to New York. Most Rev. Pkwade Louis ChapeUe, D.D., Arch- i of Santa Fe, was appointed to the vacant See of New Orieaas, 1 December, 1897. Shortly after com- ing to New Orleans he found it imperative to go to Europe to effect a settlement for the remainder of the diocesan debt of $130,000. While he was in Europe war was declared between Spain and the United States, and, upon the declaration of peace, Archbishop ChapeUe was appointed Apostolic delegate extraor- dinary to Cuba and Porto Rico and charge' d'affaires to the Philippine Islands. Returning from Europe he arranged for the assessment of five per cent upon
the salaries of the clergy for five rears for the tioaof thedsocesaadebt. la October 1900 he the lit tie seminary at higher one in New Orleans, placing it in charge of the Lasarist Fathers. The Right Rer.G. A. Round was aarifiarr bishop f or the Sec of New Orleans, eerated 10 ApriL 1899. Right Rev. J. M. Laval was made vicar-general aad rector of the St. Louis Cathedral on 21 ApriL aad Verr Rev. James H. Bleak was appointed Bishop of Porto Rico and con- secrated in the St. Louis Cathedral with Archbishop Baraada of Santiago de Cuba, 2 Jury. 1899. Arch- bishop ChapeOe was absent from the diocese during the greater part of his administration, duties io the An- tilles and the Philippines in conocxicm with his poatioa as ApostoSe Delegate churning his attention, never- theless he accomplished much for New Orleans. The diocesan debt was extinguished, and the actitity in church work which had begun under Archbishop Jans- sen eon tmued;returaingto New Orleans he introduced into the diocese the Dominican Fathers from the Philippines. In the summer of 1905. while the arch-
, adrninistering confirmation in the country
parishes. veDow fever broke out in New Orleans, and, deeming it his duty to be among his people, be re- tained munediatehr to the city. On the way from the train to his residence he was stricken, and died 9 August, 1905 (see Chatkllk, Placid* LoctsV Auxil- iary Bishop Rouxel became the administrator of the diocese pending the appointment of a successor. The Right Rev. James Hurbert Blenk. S.M.. D.D , Bishop of Porto Rico, was promoted to New Orleans, 20 April. 1906.
IT. CovrEMroRA «T CosnmoNS. — Archbishop Blenk was born at Neustadt, Bavaria. 28 Jury. 1856, of Protestant parentage. While a child, his family came to New Orleans, and it was here that the fight of the true Faith dawned upon the boy; he was baptised in St. Atphonsos Church at the age of twelve. His primary education having been completed in New Orleans, he entered Jefferson College where he com- pleted his classical and scientific studies under the Marist Fathers. He spent three years at the Maris* house of studies in Bettey, France, completed Ids pro- bationary studies at the Marist novitiate at Lyons, and was sent to Dublin to follow a higher course of mathematics at the Catholic University. Thence be went to St. Mary's College. Dundalk, County Louth, where be occupied the chair of mathematics. Later be returned to the Marist house of studies in Dublin where he completed his theological studies. 16 August, 1885, he was ordained pnest, and returned that year to Louisiana to labour among his own peo- ple. He was stationed as a professor at Jefferson College of which he became president in 1891 and held the position for six years. In 1896, at the invitation of the genera] of the Marists, he visited all the bouses of the congregation in Europe, and returning to New Orleans m February, 1897, he became the rector of the Church of the Holy Name of Mary, Algiers, which was in charge of the Marist Fathers. He erected the handsome presbytery and gave a great impetus to re- ligion and education in the parish and chy, being chair- man of the Board of Studies of the newly organized Winter School. He was a member of the Board of Consul tors during the administration of Archbishop Janasens and of Archbishop ChapeOe; the latter se- lected him as the auditor and secretary of the Apos- tolic Delegation to Cuba and Porto Rico. He was ap- pointed the first bishop of the Island of Porto Rico under the American occupation 12 June, 1899. A hurricane overswept Porto Rico just before Bishop Blenk left to take possession of his see; through his personal efforts he raised over $30,000 in the United States to take with him to alleviate the sufferings of his new people. The successful work of Bishop Blenk is » part of the history of the reconstruction along
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American lines of the Antilles. He returned to New Orleans as archbishop, 1 July, 1906, and new life was infused into every department of religious and edu- cational and charitable endeavour. Splendid new churches and schools were erected, especially in the country parishes. Among the new institutions were St. Joseph's Seminary and College at St. Benedict, La.; St. Charles College, Grand Coteau, built on the ruins of the old college destroyed by fire; Lake Charles Sanitarium: Marquette University; and the Seaman's Haven, where a chapel was opened for sail- ors. The new sisterhoods admitted to the diocese were the Religious of the Incarnate Word in charge of a sanitarium at Lake Charles; the Religious of Divine Providence in charge of the school in Broussardville; and the French Benedictine Sisters driven from France, who erected the new Convent of St. Gertrude at St. Benedict, La., destined as an industrial school for girls. A large industrial school and farm for coloured boys under the direction of the Sisters of the Holy Family was opened in Gentilly Road, and two new parishes outlined for the exclusive care of the coloured race. In 1907, the seminary conducted by the Laxarist Fathers was closed and Archbishop Blenk opened a preparatory seminary and placed it in charge of the Benedictine Fathers. The diocese as- sumed full charge of the Chinchuba Deaf-mute Insti- tute, which was established under Archbishop Jans- sens and is the only Catholic institute for deaf-mutes in the South. It is in charge of the School Sisters of Notre Dame.
New Orleans' priesthood, like the population of Louisiana, is cosmopolitan. The training of the priesthood has been conducted at home and abroad, the diocese owing much to the priests who came from France, Spain, Ireland, Germany, and Holland. Sev- eral efforts were made to establish a permanent semi- nary and recruit the ranks of the priesthood from the diocese itself. At various times also the diocese had students at St. Mary's and St. Charles Seminary, Baltimore, the American College, Louvain, and has (1910) twelve theological students in different semi- naries of Europe and America. Each parish is incor- porated and there are the corporate institutions of the Jesuits and other religious communities. The houses of study for religious are the Jesuit scholasticate at Grand Coteau, and the Benedictine scholasticate of St. Benedict at St. Benedict, La. The Poor Clares, discalced Carmelites, Benedictine Nuns, Congrega- tion of Marianites of the Holy Cross, Ursuline Nuns, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of St. Joseph, Sisters of Perpetual Adoration, Sisters of the Immacu- late Conception, Sisters of the Holy Family (coloured), Sisters of Mount Carmel, have mother-houses with novitiates in New Orleans. In early days there were distinctive parishes in New Orleans for French-, Eng- lish-, and German-speaking Catholics, but with the growing diffusion of the English language these parish fines have disappeared. In all the churches where necessary, there are French, English, and German ser- mons and instructions; there are churches and chapels for Italian emigrants and Hungarians, a German set- tlement at St. Leo near Rayne, domestic missions for negroes under the charge of the Holy Family Sisters and Josephite Fathers and Laz arista at New Orleans and Bayou Petite, Prairie.
The educational system is well organized. The
Srincipal institutions are: the diocesan normal school; le Marquette University under the care of the Jesuits; 7 colleges and academies with high school courses for boys with 1803 students; 17 academies for young ladies, under the direction of religious communi- ties, with 2201 students; 102 parishes with parochial schools having an attendance of 20,000 pupils; 117 orphan asylums with 1341 orphans; 1 infant asylum with 164 infants; 1 industrial school for whites with 90 inmates; 1 industrial school for coloured orphan
boys; 1 deaf-mute asylum with 40 inmates; 3 hospi- tals; 2 homes for the aged white, and 1 for the aged coloured poor; 1 house of the Good Shepherd for the reform of wayward girls:, a Seaman's Haven. The state asylums for the blind, etc., hospitals, prisons, re- formatories, almshouses, and secular homes for incur- ables, consumptives, convalescents, etc., are all visited by Catholic priests, Sisters of Mercy, conferences of St. Vincent de Paul, and St. Margaret's Daughters. There is absolute freedom of worship. The first St. Vincent de Paul conference was organized in 1852.
The diocese has one Benedictine abbey (St . Joseph's, of which Right Rev. Paul Sch&uble is abbot); 156 secular priests, 123 priests in religious communities, making a total of 279 clergy; 133 churches with resident priests and 90 missions with churches, making a total of 223 churches; 35 stations and 42 chapels where Mass is said. The total Catholic population is 550,000; yearly baptisms include 15,155 white chil- dren, 253 white adults, 3111 coloured children, and 354 coloured adults (total number of baptisms 18,- 873) : the communions average 750,180; confirmations 11,215; converts, 817; marriages, 3533 (including 323 mixed). The large centres of church activity are the cities of New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Plaque- mine, Donaldson ville, Thibodeaux, Houma, Franklin, Jeannerette. New Iberia, Lafayette, Abbeville, Mor- gan City, St. Martin, Crowley, Lake Charles. The churches and schools are all insured; an association for assisting infirm priests, the Priests' Aid Society, has been established and mutual aid and benevolent associations in almost every parish for the assistance of the laity. Assimilation is constantly going on among the different nationalities that come to New Orleans through intermarriage between Germans, Italians, French, and Americans, and thus is created a healthy civic sentiment that conduces to earnest and harmonious progress along lines of religious, charita- ble, educational, and social endeavour. The Catholic laity of the diocese is naturally largely represented in the life and government of\ the community, the population being so overwhelmingly Catholic; Cath- olics hold prominent civil positions, such as governor, mayor, and member of the Bar, State Legislature, and United States Congress. A CatholuB from Louisiana. Edward D. White, has been recently 0191O) appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court \of the United States. Catholics are connected withVthe state nor- mal schools and colleges, are on the board of the state universities and public libraries, and areVepresented in the corps of professors, patrons, and pispils of the Louisiana State and Tulane universrtias. Three fourths of the teachers of the public schools w Louisi- ana are Catholics. * V . .
The laity take a very active interest in the seligious life of the diocese. Every church and convenp has its altar society for the care of the tabernacle, sodalities of the Blessed Virgin for young girls and women\ The Holy Name Society for men, young and old, isY8*8"" lished throughout the diocese, while conf erences\°J St. Vincent de Paul are established in thirty chiiil"1""' St. Margaret's Daughters, indulgenced like the Sol of St. Vincent de Paul, has twenty-eight circld work, and the Total Abstinence Society is establij in many churches. Besides the Third Order ol Francis, the diocese has confraternities of the Htj Death, the Holy Face, the Holy Rosary, and the ]i Agony; the Apostleship of Prayer is establishe nearly all the churches, while many parishes !j confraternities adapted to their special needs. Catholic Knights of America and Knights of Coj bus are firmly established, while the Holy Spiril ciety, devoted to the defence of Catholic Faith] diffusion of Catholic truth, and the establishmn churches and schools in wayside places, is doing I work along church extension lines. Other soil are the Marquette League, the Society for the Ifl
ety at bed St.
py
wy in »ve The um- So- the of >ble etiea •pa-
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NXW POMERANIA
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NEW POMKRANIA
gation of the Faith, whioh traces its origin to Bishop Dubourg of Louisiana,the Society of the Holy Child- hood, and the Priests' Eucharistic League. Religious life in the diocese is regular and characterized by strict discipline and earnest spirituality. Monthly confer- ences are held and ecclesiastical conferences three times a year.
The religious communities in the diocese are: (1) Male: Benedictines, Fathers and Brothers of the Holy Cross, Dominicans, Jesuits, Josephites, Lazarists. Marists, Redemptorists, and Brothers of the Sacred Heart; (2) Female: Sisters of St. Benedict, French Benedictine Sisters, Discalced Carmelite Nuns, Sis- ters of Mount Carmel, Poor Clares, Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word, Sisters of Christian Charity, Sisters of Divine Providence, Dominican Sisters, Sisters of the Good Shepherd, Sis- ters of the Holy Family, Sisters of the Immaculate Conception, Sisters of St. Joseph, Little Sisters of the Poor, Sisters Marianites of the Holy Cross, Sisters of Mercy, School Sisters of Notre Dame, Sisters of Our Lady of Lourdes, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Ursu- line Sisters, Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacra- ment. Coloured Catholics : The works in behalf of the coloured race began in the earliest days, in Louisiana, when the Jesuits devoted themselves especially to the care of the Indians and negroes. After the expulsion of the Jesuits the King of Spain ordered that a chap- lain for negroes be placed on every plantation. Al- though this was impossible owing to the scarcity of priests, the greatest interest was taken in the evan- gelization of negroes and winning them from super- stitious practices. The work of zealous Catholic masters and mistresses bore fruit in many ways, and there remains to-day in New Orleans, despite the losses to the Faith occasioned by the Civil War and during the Reconstruction Period when hordes of Protestant missionaries from the north flocked into Louisiana with millions of dollars to proselytize the race, a strong and sturdy Catholic element among the coloured people from which much is hoped. The Sis- ters of the Holy Family, a diocesan coloured order of religious, have accomplished much good. , In addition to their academy and orphanages for girls and boys and homes for the coloured aged poor of both sexes, located in New Orleans, they have a novitiate ana conduct an academy in the cathedral parish and schools in the parishes of St. Maurice, St. Louis, Mater Dolorosa, St. Dominic, and St. Catherine in New Or- leans, and schools and asylums in Madisonville, Don- aldsonville, Opelusas, Baton Rouge, Mandevilles, Lafayette, and Palmetto, Louisiana. Schools for ooloured children are also conducted by the following white religious orders: Sisters of Perpetual Adoration, Sisters of Mercy, Mount Carmel Sisters, Religious of the Sacred Heart, Sisters of St. Joseph. Six coloured schools in charge of lay Catholic teachers in vari- ous parishes, St. Catherine's church in charge of the Lazarist Fathers, and St. Dominic's in charge of the Josephite Fathers in New Orleans are especially es- tablished for Catholic negroes.
Arehitee of the Diocese of New Orltani; Archives of the St. Louie Cathedral; 8hba, The Cath. Church in Colonial Daye (New York, 1888) : Idem, Life and Timet of Archbiehop Carrol (New York, 1888) ; Idem, Hiet. of the Cath. Church in the U.S., 1808-81 (2 vols., New York, 1892) ; Qayarrb, Hint, de la Lmitia.ru (2 vote.. New Orleans, 1846-7); Charlevoix, Journal d'un Voyage dam TArntrUpte Septentrional, VI (Parte, 1744); de la Harpe, Journal Hiet. do I'Stabtistement dee Praneaie a la Louieiane (New Or- leans, 1831) ; King, Smut de Bienville (New York, 1893) ; Dimitby, Hiet. of Louisiana (New York, 1892) ; Dumont, Mtmoiree Hittor. eur la Louieiane (Paris, 1763) ; Lb Page du Pratt, Hiet. de la L.
Svob., Parte, 1758); Fob-tub, L. Studiee (New Orleans, 1894); em, Hiet. of L. (4 vote., New York, 1894) : Martin, Hist, of L from the earliest Period (1727); Kino and Ficklen, Hiet. of L. (New Orleans, 1900) ; Archivee of the Ureuline Content, New Or- ieane. Diary of Sitter Madeleine Hachard (New Orleans, 1727-68) ; letters of Sitter M. H. (1727); Arehitee of Churchee, Diocete of New Orleans h 722-1909); Le Propagateur Catholique (New Or- leans), files; The Morning Star (New Orleans, 1868-1909), files: Le Moniteur de La Louieiane (New Orleans, 1794-1803), files- XL— 2
French and Spanish manuscripts in archive* of Louisiana His- torical Society; Cbahbon, In and Around the Old St. Louie Cathe- dral (New Orleans, 1908); The Picayune (New Orleans. 1887- 1909), files; Camille db Rochementeix, Let Jttuitee et la Nou- telle France au XVIII- Siide (Parte, 1906); Castsllanos. JV«w Orleans ae it Woe (New Orleans, 1905) ; Member or the Obdbb op Mercy, Bseaye Educational and Historic (New York, 1899) ; Lowenbtein, Hist, of the St. Louie Cathedral of New Orleant (1882); Member op the Order op Merct, Cath. Hist, of Ala- bama and the Ploridas; Centenaire du Pere Antoine (New Orleans, 1885); Hard by, Religious of the Sacred Heart (New York, 1910).
Marie Louise Points.
New Pomerania, Vicariate Apostolic op. — New Pomerania, the largest island of the Bismarck Archi- pelago, is separated from New Guinea by Dampier Strait, and extends from 148° to 152° E. long, and from 4° to 7° S. lat. It is about 348 miles long, from 1214 to 92)4 miles broad, and has an area of 9650 sq. miles. Two geographical regions are distinguishable. Of the north-eastern section (known as the Gazelle Peninsula) a great portion is occupied by wooded mountain chains; otherwise (especially about Blanohe Bay) the soil is very fertile and admirably watered by rivers (e. g. the Toriu and Kerawat), which yield an abundance of fish. The white population is practi- cally confined to the northern part of this section, in which the capital, Herbertshdhe, is situated. The western and larger section also has extensive mountain chains, which contain numerous active volcanoes. The warlike nature of the natives, who fiercely resent as an intrusion every attempt to land, has left us al- most entirely ignorant of the interior.
The natives are finely built, coffee, brown in colour, have regular features, and, when well cared for as at the mission stations, approach the European stand- ard, though their lips are somewhat thick and the mouth half or wide open. While resembling the south- eastern Papuan, they use weapons unknown to the latter — e. g. the sling, in the use of which they possess marvellous dexterity, skilfully inserting the .stone with the toes. They occupy few towns owing to the con- stant feuds raging among them. One of their strang- est institutions is their money (.dewarra), composed of small cowrie shells threaded on a piece of cane. The difficulty of procuring these shells, which are found only in very deep water, accounts for the value set on them. The unit is usually a fathom (the length of both arms extended) of dewarra. The tribes have no chiefs; an individual's importance varies according to the amount of dewarra he possesses, but the final de- cision for peace or war rests with the tribe. This en- tire absence of authority among the natives is a great obstacle in the way of government. The natives are very superstitious: a demon resides in each volcano, and marks his displeasure by sending forth fire against the people. To propitiate the evil spirits, a piece of dewarra is always placed in the grave with the corpse. The celebrated institution of the Duk-Duk is simply a piece of imposture, by which the older natives play upon the superstitions of the younger to secure the food they can no longer earn. This "spirit"' (a na- tive adorned with a huge mask) arrives regularly in a boat at night with the new moon, and receives the offerings of the natives. The standard of morality among the natives of New Pomerania is high com- pared with that observed in New Mecklenburg (the other large island of the Bismarck Archipelago), where the laxity of morals, especially race suicide and the scant respect shown for marriage, seems destined rapidly to annihilate the population. In Nov., 1884, Germany proclaimed its protectorate over the New Britain Archipelago; New Britain and New Ireland were given the names of Neupommera and Neumeck- lenburg. and the whole group was renamed the Bis- marck Archipelago. The great obstacle to the devel- opment of the islands is their poisonous climate, neither native nor European being immune from the ravages of fever. The native population is estimated at about 190,000; the foreign population (1909) at 773
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(474 white). About 13,464 acres are under cultiva- tion, the principal products being copra, cotton, coffee, and rubber.
The vicariate Apostolic was erected on 1 Jan., 1889, and entrusted to the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Issoudun. Since Sept., 1905, when the Marshall Islands were made a separate vicariate, its territory is confined to the Bismarck Archipelago. The first and
S resent vicar Apostolic is Mgr Louis Couppd, titular ishop of Leros. The mission has already made re- markable progress, and numbers according to the latest statistics 15,223 Catholics; 28 missionaries; 40 brothers; 27 Sisters of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart; 55 native catechists; 77 churches and chapels; 90 sta- tions (26 chief); 29 schools with over 4006 pupils; 13 orphanages.
Monatsheftt det Mitsionthaust* von Hiltrup; DeuUcht Kolonxal- Matt (1908), suppl. ,78 sqq.
Thomas Kennedy.
Newport (England), Diocese of (Neoporten- sis). — This diocese takes its name from Newport, a town of about 70,000 inhabitants, situated at the mouth of the river Usk, in the county of Mon- mouth. Before the restoration of hier- archial government in England by Pius IX in 1850, the old "Western District" of England had, since 1840, been divided into two vicariates. The northern, com- prising the twelve counties of Wales with Monmouth- shire and Hereford- shire, was called the Vicariate of Wales. When the country was divided by an ApostolicBrief dated
TlNTERN ABBET
Exterior — South-west
a special almuce. In assisting the bishop they dispense with the euculla, and wear the almuce over the surplice. The present bishop, the Right Reverend John Cuth- bert Hedley, O.S.B., was consecrated as auxiliary on 29 September, 1873, and succeeded in February, 1881, to Bishop Brown. He resides at Bishop's House, Llanishen, Cardiff. The pro-cathedral is the beautiful church of the Benedictine priory at Bel- mont. There are in the diocese about 40 secular di- ocesan priests, 21 Benedictines (of whom 15 work on the Mission), and 14 Rosminian Fathers. There are five deaneries. The principal towns are Cardiff, Newport, Swansea, and Merthyr Tydvil. The only religious house of men is the Cathedral Priory, Bel- mont, which is the residence of the cathedral prior and chapter, and is also a house of studies and novitiate for the English Benedictines. Of religious women there are houses of Poor Clares, Our Lady of Charity, the Good Shepherd, Sisters of Nazareth, Ursulines of Chavagnes, St. Joseph of Annecy, St. Vincent de Paul, and others. There are four certified Poor Law
schools: one for boys, at Treforest, ana three for girls — two, at Hereford and Bul- lingham respectively, conducted by the Sis- ters of Charity, one at Cardiff, conducted by the. Sisters of Nazareth. There are 50 churches in the diocese, besides several school chapels and public oratories. There are about 11,- 000 children in the Catholic elementary schools. There are four secondary schools'' for girls, and one centre (in Car- diff) for female pupil teachers.
F. A. Crow. Newport, Richard, Venerable. See Scot, Wil- liam, O.S.B., Venerable. '
New Testament. See Testament, The New.
Newton, John, soldier and engineer, b. at Norfolk, Virginia, 24 August, 1823; d. in New York City, 1 May, 1895. He was the son of General Thomas New- ton and Margaret Jordan. In 1838 he was appointed from Virginia a cadet in the U. S. Military Aeademy, and graduated in 1842, standing second in a class that
29 Sept., 1850, into dioceses, the six counties of South Wales, with Monmouthshire and Herefordshire, be- came the Diocese of Newport and Menevia. Mene- via is the Latin name for St. David's, and the double title was intended to signify that at some future day there were to be two distinct dioceses. The first bishop of the Diocese of Newport and Menevia was the Right Reverend Thomas Joseph Brown, O.S.B., who had already, as vicar Apostolic, ruled for ten years the Vicariate of Wales. A further re-adjust- ment of the diocese was made in March, 1895, when , included Rosencrans, Pope, and Longstreet. Corn- Leo XIII separated from it five of the counties of missioned second lieutenant of engineers, he was en- South Wales, and formed a new vicariate, which was gaged as assistant professor of engineering at West to consist of all the twelve Welsh counties except Gla- Point, and later in the construction of fortifications morganshire. fSince that date the name of the dio- and other engineering projects along the coasts of the imply "Newport", and it has consisted Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. Commissioned first
cese has been simply
of Glamorganshire, Monmouthshire, and Hereford- shire. The Catholic population (1910) isabout 45,000, the general population being about 1,050,000.
The diocesan chapter, in virtue of a Decree of the Congregation of Propaganda, 21 April. 1852, issued at the petition of Cardinal Wiseman ana the rest of the hierarchy, was to consist of monks of the English Benedictine Congregation resident in the town of Newport. As the congregation, up to this date (1910), have not been able to establish a house in New- port, permission from the Holy See has been obtained for the members of the chapter to reside at St. Mi- chael's pro-cathedral, Belmont, near Hereford. The chapter comprises a cathedral prior and nine canons, of whom four are allowed to be non-resident. Their choral habit is the euculla or frock of the congregation with
lieutenant in 1852 and promoted captain in 1856, he was appointed chief engineer of the Utah Expedition in 1858. _ At the opening of the Civil War he was chief engineer of the Department of Pennsylvania, and afterwards held a similar position in the Depart- ment of the Shenandoah. Commissioned major on 6 August, 1861, he worked on the construction of the defences of Washington until March, 1862. He was commissioned on 23 Sept., 1861, brigadier-general of volunteers, and received command of a brigade en- gaged in the defence of the city. He served in the army of the Potomac under McClellan during the Peninsular Campaign, and distinguished himself by his heroic conduct in the actions of West Point, Gaines Mills, and Glendale. He led his brigade in the Maryland campaign, taking part in the forcing
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of Crampton Gap and in the battle of Antietam, and was for his gallant services brevetted lieutenant- colonel of regulare. He led a division at Fredericks- burg in the storming of Marye Heights, and was rewarded on 20 March, 1863, with the rank of major- general of volunteers. He commanded divisions at Chancellorsville and Salem Heights, and, at the death of Reynolds on 2 July, 1863, was given command of the First Army Corps, which he led on the last two days of the battle of Gettysburg. On 3 July. 1863, f,or gallant service at Gettysburg, he was brevetted colonel of regulars. He engaged in the pursuit of the Confederate forces to Warrenton, Virginia, and towards the end of 1863 was active in the Rapidan Campaign. In May, 1864, he was transferred to the Army of the Cumberland, and commanded under General Thomas the Second Division, Fourth Corps. He fought in all the actions during the invasion of Georgia up to the capture of Atlanta. For his gallan- try in this campaign, especially in the battle of Peach Tree Creek, he was brevetted on 13 March, 1865. major-general of volunteers and brigadier-general ana major-general of regulars. He then took command of various districts in Florida until, in January, 1866, he was mustered out of the volunteer service.
Commissioned lieutenant-colonel of engineers in the regular service on 28 December. 1865, Newton was ordered in April, 1866, to New York City, where he thenceforth resided, engaged on the engineering la- bours that made his name famous. He was superin- tendent engineer of the construction of the defences on the Long Island side of the Narrows, of the improve- ments of the Hudson River, and of the fortifications at Sandy Hook. He was also one of the board of engi- neers deputed to carry out the modifications of the de- fences around New York City. The proposed en- largement of the Harlem River, and the improvements of the Hudson from Troy to New York, of the channel between New Jersey and Staten Island, and of the harbours on Lake Champlain were put under his charge. On 30 June{ 1879, he was named colonel, and on 6 March, 1884, chief of engineers in the regular ser- vice with the rank of brigadier-general. Among New- ton's achievements, the most notable was the removal of the dangerous rocks in Hell Gate, the principal water-way between Long Island Sound and the East River. To accomplish this task successf ully, required the solution of difficult engineering problems never before attempted, and the invention or new apparatus, notably a steam drilling machine, which has since been in general use. Newton carefully studied the problem, and the accuracy of his conclusions was shown by the exact correspondence of the results with the objects sought. ' Hallett's Reef and Flood Rock, having been carefully mined under his directions, were destroyed by two great explosions (24 September, 1876; 10 October. 1885). This engineering feat ex- cited the universal admiration of engineers , and many honours were conferred upon him. On Newton's vol- untary retirement from the service in 1886, Mayor Grace of New York, recognizing his superior skill, ap- pointed him commissioner of public works on 28 Aug. This post he voluntarily resigned on 24 Nov., 1888. On 2 April, 1888. he accepted the presidency of the Panama Railroad Company, which position he filled until his death. In 1848 General Newton married Anna M. Starr of New London, Connecticut. In his early manhood he became, and until his death re- mained, an earnest and devout member of the Catho- lic Church.
Powill, Lift of Officer! of the V. S. Army, 1778-1900; Cvv- unt, Biooraphical Register of the Offieere and Graduate* of Ike V. 8. Military Academy: Appleton'e Bncyd. Amer. Bioa.. •. v.; Surra, In Memoriam of General John Newton (New York. 1896).
John G. Ewino.
Mew Westminster. See Vancouver, Abchdio- casaov.
New Tear's Day.— The word year is etymologi- cally the same as hour (Skeat), and signifies a going, movement etc. In Semitic, nJU, year, signifies repe- tition, sc. of the course of the sun " (Gesenius) . Since there was no necessary starting-point in the circle of the year, we find among different nations, and among the same at different epochs of their history, a great variety of dates with which the new year began. The opening of spring was a natural beginning, and in the Bible itself there is a close relationship between the beginning of the year and the seasons. The ancient Roman year began in March, but Julius Caesar, in correcting the calendar (46 b. c), made January the first month. Though this custom has been univer- sally adopted among Christian nations, the names, September, October, November, and December (i.e. the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth), remind us of the past, when March began the year. Christian writers and councils condemned the heathen orgies and ex- cesses connected with the festival of the Saturnalia, which were celebrated at the beginning of the year : Ter- tullian blames Christians who regarded the customary
§ resents — called strerue (Fr. itrennes) from the goddess trenia, who presided over New Year's Day (of. Ovid, "Fasti", 185-90)— as mere tokens of friendly inter- course (De Idol, xiv), and towards the end of the sixth century the Council of Auxerre (can. I) forbade Chris- tians atrenaa diabolicas observare". The II Coun- cil of Tours held in 567 (can. 17) prescribes prayers and a Mass of expiation for New Year's Day, adding that this is a practice long in use (patret noslri sta- tuerunl). Dances were forbidden, and pagan crimes were to be expiated by Christian fasts (St. Augustine, Serm., cxcvii-viii in P. L., XXXVIIL 1024; Isidore of Seville, "De Div. Off. Eccl.", I, xli; Trullan Council, 692, can. bdi). When Christmas was fixed on 25 Dec., New Year's Day was sanctified by commem- orating on it the Circumcision, for which feast the Gelasian Sacramentary gives' a Mass (In Octabas Do- mini). Christians did not wish to make the celebra- tion of this feast very solemn, lest they might seem to countenance in any way the pagan extravagance of the opening year.
Among the Jews the first day of the seventh month, Tishri (end of September), began the civil or economic year "with the sound of trumpets" (Lev., xxiii, 24: Num., xxix, 1). In the Bible the day is not mentioned as New Year's Day, but the Jews so regarded it, so named it, and so consider it now (Mishnah, Rosh Hash., I, 1). The sacred year began with Nisan (early in April), a later name for the Biblical abhibh, i. e. "month of new corn", and was memorable "be- cause in this month the Lord thy God brought thee out of Egypt by night" (Deut., xvi, 1). Barley ripens in Palestine during the early part of April; and thus the sacred year began with the harvest, the civil year with the sowing of the crops. From Biblical data Joseph us and many modern scholars hold that the twofold beginning of the year was pre-exilic, or even Mosaic (cf. "Antiq.", I, iii, 3). Since Jewish months were regulated by the moon, while the ripen- ing barley of Nisan depended upon the sun, the Jews resorted to intercalation to bring sun and moon dates into harmony, and to keep the months in the seasons to which they belonged (for method of adjustment, see Edersheim, "The Temple, Its Ministry and Services at the Time of Jesus Christ", x).
Christian nations did not agree in the date of New Year's Day. They were not opposed to 1 January as the beginning of the year, but rather to the pagan ex- travagances which accompanied it. Evidently the natural opening of the year, the springtime, together with the Jewish opening of the sacred year, Nisan, sug- gested the propriety of putting the beginning in that beautiful season. Also, the Dionysian method (so named from the Abbot Dionysius, sixth century) of dating events from the coming of Christ became an
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important factor in New Year calculations. The An- nunciation, with which Dionysius began the Christian era, was fixed on 25 March, and became New Year's Day for England, in early times and from the thirteenth century to 1 Jan., 1752, when the present custom was introduced there. Some countries (e. g. Ger- many) began with Christmas, thus being almost in harmony with the ancient Germans, who made the winter solstice their starting-point. Notwithstanding the movable character of Easter, France and the Low Countries took it as the first day of the year, while Russia, up to the eighteenth century, made September the, first month. The western nations, however, since the sixteenth, or, at the latest, the eighteenth century, have adopted and retained the first of Janu- ary. In Christian liturgy the Church does not refer to the first of the year, any more than she does to the fact that the first Sunday of Advent is the first day of the ecclesiastical year.
In the United States of America the great feast of the Epiphany has ceased to be a holyday of obligation, but New Year continues in force. Since the myste- ries of the Epiphany are commemorated on Christmas — the Orientals consider the f easts one and the same in import — it was thought advisable to retain by prefer- ence, under the title "Circumcision of Our Lord Jesus Christ", New Year's Day as one of the six feasts of obligation. The Fathers of the Third Plenary Coun- cil of Baltimore petitioned Rome to this effect, and their petition was granted (Con. Plen. Bait., Ill, pp. 105 sqq.). (See Circumcision, Feast of the ; Chro- nology; Christmas.)
Scbbod in KirchmUx., a. v. Neujahr; Wiin, ibid,, ft. v. Fate; Abrahams in Hasting*, Diet, of the Bible, ft. v. Time; Macsonald, Chronologies and Calendars (London, 1897) ; Edbb- shkim. The Temple, Its Minietry and Services at the time of Jesus Christ, x, xv ; Browns in Diet. Christ. Antic., a. v.; Harper's Classical Diet. (New York, 1897), a. v. CaUndarium; Fxasby, Christmastids in Amer. Bed. Ret. (Deo., 1909) ; The Old English New Tear, ibid. (Jan., 1907) ; Thumton, Christmas Day and the Christian Calendar, ibid. (Dee., 1898; Jan., 1899). For Rab- binie legend* aee Jewish Sncyd., a. v. New Year.
John J.Tiernby.
New York, Abchdiocese of (Nec-Ebobacensis) ; see erected 8 April, 1 808 ; made arch iepiscopal 19 July, 1850: comprises the Boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx, and Richmond in the City of New York, and the Counties of Dutchess. Orange, Putnam. Rockland, Sullivan, Ulster, and Westchester in the State of New York; also the Bahama Islands (British Possessions); an area of 4717 square miles in New York and 4466 in the Bahama Islands. The latter territory was placed in 1886 under this jurisdiction by the Holy See because the facilities of access were best from New York; it formerly belonged to the Diocese of Charleston. The suffragans of New York are the Dioceses of Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Ogdensburg, Rochester, and Syra- cuse in the State of New York, and Newark and Tren- ton in New Jersey. All these, in 1808, made up the territory of the original diocese. The first division took place 23 April, 1847, when the creation of the Dioceses of Albany and Buffalo cut off the northern and western sections of the State: and the second, in 1853, when Brooklyn and Newark were erected into separate sees.
New York is now the largest see in population, and the most important in influence and material pros- perity of all the ecclesiastical divisions of the Church in Continental United States.
I. Colonial Pbbiod. — Nearly a century before Henry Hudson sailed up the great river that bears his name, the Catholic navigators Verrazano and Gomez, had guided their ships along its shores and placed it under the patronage of St. Anthony. The Calvinistic Hollanders, to whom Hudson gave this foundation for a new colony, manifested their loyalty to their state Church by ordaining that in New Netherland the "Reformed Christian religion ac- cording to the doctrines of the Synod of Dordrecht"
should be dominant. It is probable, but not certain, that there were priests with Verrazano and Gomez, and that from a Catholic altar went up the first prayer uttered on the site of the present great metrop- olis of the New World. While public worship by Catholics was not tolerated, the generosity of the Dutch governor, William Kieft, and the people of New Amsterdam to the Jesuit martyr, Father Isaac Jogues, in 1643, and after him, to his brother Jesuits, Fathers Bressani and Le Moyne, must be remembered to their everlasting credit. Father Jogues was the first priest to traverse the State of New York; the first to minister within the limits of the Diocese of New York. When he reached Manhattan Island, after his rescue from captivity in the summer of 1643, he found there two Catholics, a young Irishman and a Portuguese woman, whose confessions he heard.
St. Mary's, the first rude chapel in which Mass was said, in the State of New York, was begun, on 18 November, 1655, on the. banks of the lake where the City of Syracuse now stands, by the Jesuit mission- aries, Fathers Claude Dablon and Pierre Chaumonot. In the same year another Jesuit, Father Simon Le Moyne, journeyed down the river to New Amster- dam, as we learn from a letter sent by the Dutch preacher, Megapolensis (a renegade Catholic), to the Classis at Amsterdam, telling them that the Jesuit had visited Manhattan "on account of the Papists residing here, and especially for the accommodation of the French sailors, who are Papists and who have arrived here with a good prise." The Church had no foothold on Manhattan Island until after 1664, when the Duke of York claimed it for an English colony. Twenty years later, the Catholic governor, Thomas Dongan, not only fostered his own faith, but enacted the first law passed in New York establishing religious liberty. It is believed that the first Mass said on the island (30 October, 1683) was in a chapel he opened about where the custom house now stands. With him came three English Jesuits, Fathers Thomas Harvey, Henry Harrison, and Charles Gage, and they soon had a Latin school in the same neighbourhood. Of this Jacob Leisler, the fanatical usurper of the government, wrote to the Governor of Boston, in August, 1689: "I have formerly urged to inform your Honr. that Coll Dongan, in his time did erect a Jesuite Colledge upon cullour to learn Latine to the Judges West — Mr. Graham, Judge Palmer, and John Tudor did contribute their sones for sometime but no boddy imitating them, the colledge vanished" (O'Callaghan, "Documentary Hist, of nTY.", II, 23).
With the fall of James II and the advent of William of Orange to the English throne, New York's Catholic colony was almost stamped out by drastic penal laws (see New Yobk, State of). In spite of them, how- ever, during the years that followed a few scattered representatives of the Faith drifted in and settled down unobstrusively. To minister to them there came now and then from Philadelphia a zealous Ger- man Jesuit missionary, Father Ferdinand Steinmayer, who was commonly called "Father Farmer ". Gath- ering them together, he said Mass in the house of a German fellow-countryman in Wall Street, in a loft in Water Street, and wherever else they could find ac- commodation; Then came the Revolution, and in this connexion, owing to one of the prominent politi- cal issues of the time, the spirit of the leading colonists was intensely anti-Catholic. The first flag raised by the Sons of Liberty in New York was inscribed "No Popery". When the war ended, and the president and Congress resided in New York, the Catholic representatives of France, Spain, Portugal, with Charles Carroll, his cousin Daniel, and Thomas Fitz Simmons, Catholic members of Congress, and officers and soldiers of the foreign contingent, merchants and others, soon made up a respectable congregation. Mass was said for them in the house of the Spanish
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minister, Don Diego de Gardoqui, on Broadway, near the Bowline Green, in the Vauxhall Gardens, which was a hall on the river front near Warren Street, and in a carpenter's shop in Barclay Street. Finally, an Irish Capuchin, Father Charles Whelan, who had served as a chaplain in De Grasse's fleet, and was acting as private chaplain to the Portu- guese consul-general, Don Joa6 Roiz Silva, took up also the care of this scattered flock, whioh numbered less than two hundred, and only about forty of them practical in the observances of their faith.
Through efforts led by the French consul, Hector St. John de Crevecoeur (q. v.), an act of incorporation was secured, on 10 June, 1785, for the "Trustees of the Roman Catholic Church of the City of New York," in which Jose' Roiz Silva, James Stewart, and Henry Duffin were associated with him as the first board. An unexpired lease of lots at Barclay and Church streets was bought from the trustees of Trinity church, Thomas Stoughton, the Spanish Con- sul-general, and nis partner Dominick Lynch, advancing the purchase money, one thousand pounds, and there on 5 Oct., 1785, the corner- stone of St. Peter's, the first permanent structure for a Catholic church erected in the State of New York, was laid by the Spanish minister, Gardoqui. The church was opened 4 Nov., 1786. The first resident pastor was Fa- ther Whelan, who, however, was forced to retire owing to the hostility of the trustees and of another Capuchin, the Rev. Andrew Nugent, before the Church was opened. The prefect Apostolic, the vener- able John Carroll, then visited New York to admin- ister confirmation for the first time, and placed the church in charge of a Domin- ican, Father William O'Brien, who may be regarded as the organiser of the parish, Hi
Fathers John Connell and Nicholas Burke, and, in his efforts to aid the establishment of the church, went as far as the City of Mexico to collect funds there under the auspices of his old schoolfellow, the archbishop of that see. He brought back $5920 and a number of paintings, vestments, etc. Father O'Brien and bis assistants did heroic work during the yellow fever epidemics of 1795, 1799, 1801, and 1805. In 1801 he established the parish school, which has since been carried on without interruption. The church debt at this time was $6500; the income from pew rents, $1120, and from collections, $360, a year. The Rev. Dr. Matthew O'Brien, another Dominican, the Rev. John Byrne, and the Rev. Michael Hurley, an Au- gustinian, were, during this period, assistants at St. Peter's. In July, 1807, the Rev. Louis Sibourd. a French priest, was made pastor, but he left in the fol- lowing year, and then the famous Jesuit, Anthony Kohlmann (q. v.), was sent to take charge. It was at this time that the Holy See determined to erect Baltimore into an archbishopric and to establish the new Dioceses of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Bardstown, Ky.
II. Creation of the Diocese. — We have a picture of the situation in New York when the first bishop
was named: a letter sent on 8 Nov., 1808, by Father Kohlmann, who was then acting as the administrator of the diocese, to his friend Father Strickland, S. J., of London, England, says, "Your favour of the 6th Sept. was delivered to me at the beginning of October in the City of New York, where our Right Rev. Bishop Car- roll has thought proper to send me in the capacity of rector of this immense congregation and Vicar General of this diocese till the arrival of the Right Rev. Richard Luke Concanen, Bishop of New York. The congregation chiefly consists of Irish, some hundreds of French, and as many Germans, in all, according to the common estimation, of 14,000 souls. Rev. Mr. Fenwick, a young Father of our society, distinguished for his learning and piety, has been sent along with me. I was no sooner arrived in the city and. behold, the trustees, though before our arrival they had not spent a cent for the reparation and furniture of their clergy- man's house, laid out for the said purpose above $800. All men seem to revive at the very name of the Society of Jesus, though yet little known in this part of the country." What rapid progress was made, he indicates, two years later, when, again writing to FatherStrickland, on 14 Sept., 1810, he tells him: "Indeed it is but two years that we ar- rived in this city without hav- ing a cent in our pocket, not even our passage money, which the trustees paid for Father Fenwick and me . . . and to see things so far ad- vanced as to see not only the Catholic religion highly re- spected by the first characters of the city, but even a Cath- olio college established, the house well furnished both in town and in the college im- provements made in the col- lege [sic] for four or five hun- dred dollars ... is a thing
Ou> Sr. M Chubch, Br. (1786, J** - fcft *£■
He had as his assistants ascribe but to the infinite liberality of the Lord, to whom alone, therefore, be all glory and honour. The college is in the centre not of Long Island but of the Island of New York, the most delightful and most healthy spot of the whole island, at a distance of four small miles from the city, and of half a mile from the East and North rivers, both of which are seen from the house; situated between two roads which are very much frequented, opposite to the botanic gardens which belong to the State. It has adjacent to it a beautiful lawn, garden, orchard, etc." — This spot is now the site of St. Patrick's Cathedral on Fifth ave- nue.
We can judge from the family names on the register of St. Peter's church that the early Catholics of New York were largely Irish; next in number come the French, then the Germans, followed by those of Ital- ian, Spanish and English origin. There were enough Germans in 1808 to think themselves entitled to a church and pastor of their own nationality, for on 2 March of that year Christopher Briehill, John Kner- inger, George Jacob, Martin Nieder, and Francis Werneken signed a petition which they sent to Bishop Carroll praying him "to send us a pastor who is capa- ble of undertaking the spiritual Care of our Souls in the German Language, which is our Mother Tongue-
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Many of us do not know any Erfglish at all, and these who have some knowledge of it are not well enough versed in the English Language as to attend Divine Service with any utility to themselves. As we have not yet a place of worship of our own we have made application to the Trustees of the English Catholic
Church in this city to grant us permission to per- form our worship in the German Language in their church at such times as not to interfere with their regular ser- vices. This per- mission they have readily granted us. During the Course of the year we shall take care to find an oppor- tunity to provide ourselves with a suitable building
Richard Lueb Concanen of OUT own, for
First Bishop of New York we have no doubt
that our number will soon considerably increase." Nothing came of this petition, and no separate Ger- man congregation was organized in New York until a quarter of a century after its date. But Father Kohl- mann saw to it that another church should be started, and St. Patrick's was begun "between the Broadway and the Bowery road " in 1809, to meet the needs of the rapidly increasing number of Catholics on the east side of the city. It was also to serve as the cathe- dral church of the new diocese. The corner-stone was laid 8 June, 1800, but, owing to the hard times and the war of 1812 with England, the structure was not ready for use until 4 May, 1815, when it was dedicated by Bishop Cheverus who came from Boston for that purpose. It was then far on the outskirts of the city, and, to accustom the people to go there. Mass was saidf at St. Peter's every other Sunday. The ground on which it was built was purchased in 1801 for a graveyard, and the interments in it from that time until the cemetery was closed in 1833 numbered 32,- 153. Some of the Catholic laymen prominent during this period were Andrew Morris, Matthew Reed, Cornelius Heeney, Thomas Stoughton, Dominick Lynch, Benjamin Disobrey, Peter Burtsell, uncle of the Rev. James A. Neil, the first native of New York to be admitted to the priesthood, Joseph I card, mer- chant and architect, Hugh McGinnis, Dennis Doyle, Miles F. Clossey, Anthony Trapanni, a native of Meta, Italy, pioneer Italian merchant and the first foreigner to be naturalized under the Constitution, Francis Varet, John B. Lasala, Francis Cooper, George Gottsberger, Thomas O'Connor, Thomas Brady, Dr. William James Macneven, and Bernard Dornin, the first Catholic publisher, for whose edition of Pasto- rini's "History of the Church," issued in 1807, there were 318 New York City subscribers.
III. The Hierarchy. — A. When Bishop Carroll learned that it was the intention of the Holy See to recognize the growth of the Church in the United States by dividing the Diocese of Baltimore and creat- ing new sees, he advised that New York be placed un- der the care. of the Bishop of Boston till a suitable choice could be made for that diocese. Archbishop Troy of Dublin, however, induced Pius VII to appoint as New York's first bishop an Irish Dominican, Father Richard Luke Concanen, who had resided many years in Rome as the agent of the Irish bishops ana was much esteemed there. He was prior of St. Clement's at Rome, librarian of the Minerva, and distinguished
for his learning. He bad refused a nomination for a see in Ireland and was much interested in the missions in America, about which he had kept up a correspond- ence with Bishop Carroll. It was at his suggestion that Father Fenwick founded the first house of the Dominicans in Kentucky. He was consecrated first Bishop of New York at Rome, 24 April, 1808, and some time after left for Leghorn on his way to his see, taking with him the pallium for Archbishop CarroU. After waiting there for a ship for four months he re- turned to Rome. Thence he went to Naples, expect- ing to sail from that port, but the French military forces in possession of the city detained him as a British subject, and, while waiting vainly to be re- leased, he died of fever, 19 June, 1810. Finding that he could not leave Italy, he bad asked the pope to ap- point theHev. Ambrose Marechal to be his coadjutor bishop in New York. The American bishops cor- dially endorsed this choice and considered that the ap- pointment would be made. Archbishop Carroll, writing to Father C. Plowden, of London, 25 June, 1815, said: "It was known here that before the death of Dr. Concanen his Holiness at the Dr's entreaty in- tended to assign to him as his coadjutor the Rev. Mr. Marechal, a priest of St. Sulpice, now in the Seminary here, and worthy of any promotion in the Church. We still expected that this measure would be pursued ; and that we made no presentation or recommendation of any other for the vacant see."
B. — Archbishop- Troy, of Dublin, however, with the other Irish bishops, proposed to the pope another Irish Dominican, the Rev. John Connolly, for the vacant see of New York, and he was consecrated at Rome, 6 Nov., 1814 (see Connolly, John). It was a selection which might have proved embarrassing to American Catholics, for Bishop Connolly was a British subject, and the United States was then at war with Great Britain. " I wish," wrote Archbishop Carroll to Father Plowden, 25 June, 1815, "this may not become a very dangerous precedent fruitful of mischief by draw- ing upon our reli- gion a false opin- ion of the servility of our principles." Owing to his own views of the situ- ation in the dio- cese. Bishop Con- nolly did not announce his ap- pointment to his fellow-members of the hierarchy or to the administrator of the diocese. Father Kohlmann was, therefore, in anticipation of the bishop's arrival, recalled by his su- periors to Mary- land, the college was closed, and the other Jesuits
John Connolly Second Bishop of New York
soon after left the diocese. Finally, Bishop Con- nolly arrived in New York unannounced, and with- out any formal local welcome, 24 Nov., 1815, his ship taking sixty-eight days to make the voyage from Dublin. In the diocese he found that everything was to be created from resources that .were very small and in spite of obstacles that were very great. The diocese embraced the whole State of New York and half of New Jersey. There were but four priests in this territory. Lay trustees had become so accus- tomed to having their own way that they were not disposed to admit even the authority of a bishop.
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Dr. Connolly was not wanting in firmness, but the pressing needs of the times, forcing an apparent con- cession to the established order of things, subjected him to much difficulty and many humiliations. He was a missionary priest rather than a bishop, as he wrote Cardinal Litta, Prefect of Propaganda, in Feb- ruary. 1818, but he discharged all his laborious duties with humility and earnest zeal. His diary further notes that he told the cardinal: "I found here about 13,000 Catholics. . . . At present there are about 16,- 000 mostly Irish; at least 10,000 Irish Catholics ar- rived-at New York only within these last three years. They spread through all the other states of this con- federacy, and make their religion known everywhere. Bishops ought to be granted to whatever here is will- ing to erect a Cathedral, and petition for a bishop. . . . The present dioceses are quite too extensive. Our Cathedral owes $53,000 borrowed to build it. . . . This burden hinders us from supporting a sufficient number of priests, or from thinking to erect a semi- nary. The American youth have an invincible re- pugnance to the ecclesiastical state."
He made a visitation of the diocese, no mean accom- plishment at that time; provided churches for the peo- ple in Brooklyn, Buffalo, Albany, Utica, and Pater- son: introduced the Sisters of Charity, started the orphan asylum, and encouraged the opening of parish schools. He died at his residence, 512 Broadway, 5 Feb., 1825, worn out by his labours and anxieties. Notable men of this period were Fathers Michael O'Gorman and Richard Bulger — the latter the first priest ordained in New York (1820) — Charles D. Ffrench. John Power, John Farnan, Thomas C. Lev- ins, Philip Larisey and John Shannahan. There were several distinguished converts, including Mother Seton, founder of the American branch of the Sisters of Charity; the Rev. Virgil Barber and his wife, the Rev. John Richards, the Rev. George Kewley, the Rev. George E. Ironside, Keating Lawson, and others. Two years elapsed before the next bishop was ap- pointed, and the Rev. Dr. John Power during that period governed the diocese as administrator. Brook- lyn's first church was organized during this time. It was during Bishop Connolly's administration also, that New York's first Catholic paper "The Truth Teller" was started, on 2 April 1825.
C. — The choice of the Holy See for the third bishop was the Rev. Dr. John Dubois, president of Mount St. Mary's College, Emmitsburg (see Dubois, John), and he was consecrated at Baltimore, 29 October. 1826. The Rev. William Taylor, a convert who had come from Cork, Ireland, in June, 1818, at the sugges- tion of Bishop England of Charleston, endeavoured to be himself made bishop, going to Rome in Jan- uary, 1820, for that purpose. This visit to Rome being fruitless, Taylor went to Boston, where he remained several years with Bishop Cheverus, re- turning to New York when that prelate was trans- ferred to France. He was exceedingly popular with non-Catholics because of his liberality. He preached the sermon at the consecration of Bishop Dubois and used the occasion to expatiate on what he called "dis- astrous experiences which resulted to religion from injudicious appointments", hinting at coming trouble for the bishop m New York. He left New York simul- taneously with the arrival of the bishop there, and sailed for France, where his old friend Mgr Cheverus. then Archbishop of Bordeaux, received him. He died suddenly, while preaching in the Irish college, Paris, in 1828.
None of the predicted disturbances happened when Bishop Dubois took possession of his see, though the abuse of trusteeism, grown more and more insolent and unmanageable by toleration, hampered his efforts from the very start. Fanaticism was aroused among the Protestant sects, alarmed at the numerical in- crease of the Church through the immigration at-
tracted by the commercial growth of the State. But in spite of all. he went on bravely visiting all parts of the State, building and encouraging the building of churches wherever they were needed, obtaining aid from Rome and from the charitable in Europe. He found but two churches in the city when he came; to these he added six others and multiplied for his flock the facilities for practising their religion, his constant endeavour being to give nis people priests, churches, and schools. With the trustees in New York City and in Buffalo he had many sad experiences, but he unflinchingly upheld his constituted authority. In 1834 he organized, with the Rev. John Raffeiner as pastor, the first German Catholic congregation in New York m a small disused Baptist church at Pitt and De Lancey Streets, which became the church of St. Nicholas. It was about this time, too, that a public controversy over Catholic doctrine raged between the Calvinist ministers, Rev. John Breckenridge and Rev. William Brownlee, and the vicar-general, Rev. Dr.
N«w York Literary Institution (1808) Fifth Avenue and Fiftieth Street, New York. Site of the present Cathedral
Power, assisted by Fathers Varela, Levins, and Schnel- ler. It was followed by the fanatical attack on Catho- lic religious communities known as "The Awful Dis- closures of Maria Monk". Dr. Dubois "had then reached the age of seventy and, though still a vigorous combatant when necessary, was disinclined to religious controversy. Perhaps he did not understand the country and the people as well as the younger men who had grown up in America; perhaps he was de- terred by his memories of the French Revolution" (Herbermann, "Hist. Records and Studies", I, Pt. 2, 333).
At length the many burdens and anxieties of his charge told on the bishop, and he asked for a coadju- tor, naming the Right Rev. P. F. Kenrick, Coadjutor of Philadelphia, as his first choice, and the Rev. Thomas F. Mulledy, S.J., and the Rev. John Hughes, of Philadelphia, as alternates. Father Hughes, of Philadelphia, who had been his pupil at Emmitsburg, was selected and consecrated titular Bishop of Basileo, 7 January, 1838. His youth and vigour soon put new life into the affairs of the Church in New York, and were especially efficient in meeting the aggressions of the lay trustees. Bishop Hughes had fully realized the dangers of the system as shown in Philadelphia, and he lost no time in meeting and crushing it in New York. Bishop Dubois, through ill health, had to re- linquish the details of his charge more and more to his youthful assistant, whose activity he warmly wel- comed. Several attacks of paralysis warned him to give up the management of the diocese. His remain-
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mg days he Bpent quietly preparing for the end, his coadjutor ever treating him with respectful kindness and sympathy. He died 20 December, 1840, full of years and merits. Those of his assistants who were notably prominent were father Felix Varela, an emi- nently pious and versatile priest, an exile from Cuba, and the Revs. Joseph Sohneller, Dr. Constantine C. Pise, Alexander Mupietti, John Raffeiner, the pioneer German pastor; Hatton Walsh, P. Malou, T. Ma- guire, Michael Curran, Gregory B. Pardow. Luke
. , John N. Neumann, later a Redemptonst and Bishop of Philadelphia, and John Walsh, long pastor of St. James, Brooklyn.
D. — Bishop Hughes, the administrator, at once as- sumed the title of the see as its fourth bishop, and is the really great figure in the constructive period of New York's history. " It was a day of great men in the civil order", says the historian, Dr. John Gilmary Shea, "the day of Clay, Webster, Calhoun, yet no man of that era spoke so directly or so effectively to
the American peo- le as Bishop ughes. He was not an ordinary man. It had been well said that in any assemblage he would have been notable. He was full of noble thoughts and aspi- rations and de- voted to the Church: every plan and every pro j ect of his mind aimed at the greater good of the country5'. The story of his event- ful career is told in a separate article (see Hughes, John), and it will suffice to mention here some of the many distinguished men who helped to make his administration so impor- tant in local records. Among them were the Rev. Wil- liam Quarter, afterwards first Bishop of Chicago, and his brother, the Rev. Walter J. Quarter, the Rev. Ber- nard O'Reilly, first Bishop of Hartford; the Rev. John Loughlin, firet Bishop of Brooklyn; the Rev. James R. Bayley, first Bishop of Newark and Archbishop of Baltimore; the Rev. David Bacon, first Bishop of Portland; the Rev. William G. McCloskey, first rec- tor of the American College at Rome and fourth Bishop of Louisville, Ky., son of one of the Brooklyn pioneers; the Rev. Andrew Byrne, first Bishop of Lit- tle Rock; the Rev. John J. Conroy, Bishop of Albany; the Rev. William Starrs, vicaMteneral; tne Rev. Dr. Ambrose Manahan, the Rev. Dr. J. W. Cummings, Archdeacon McCarron, the Rev. John Kelly (Eugene Kelly's brother), who went as a missionary to Africa and then became first pastor at Jersey City. These are only a few of the names that are prominent. Among the notable converts of this period may be mentioned the Rev. Thomas S. Preston, J. V. Hun- tington, F. E. White, Donald McLeod, Isaac T. Hecker, A. F. Hewit, Alfred Young, Clarence Wal- worth, and Edgar P. Wadhams, later Bishop of Ogdensburg.
E. — As the successor of Archbishop Hughes, Bishop John McCloskey of Albany was promoted to be the second archbishop. He had been consecrated Coad- jutor of New York, with the right of succession, in 1844, but resigned both offices to become the first Bishop of Albany in 1847 (see McCloskey, John). He returned to New York in spite of his own protests
John Dubois Third Bishop of New York
of unworthiness, but with the unanimous approval and rejoicing of the clergy and laity. He was bom in Brooklyn, 10 March, 1810. and was therefore the first native bishop, as he was the second native of New York to be ordained to the priesthood. He was a gentle, polished, amiable prelate, and accomplished much for the progress of Catholic New York. The Protectory, the Foundling Asylum, and the Mission of the Immaculate Virgin for homeless children were founded under his auspices; he resumed work on the new Cathedral, and saw its completion; the provincial seminary at Troy was organized; churches, schools, and charitable institutions were everywhere increasea and improved. In the stimulation of a general ap- preciation of the necessity of Catholic education the cardinal (he was elevated to the Purple in 1875) was incessant and most vigorous. He saw that the foundations of the structure, laid deep by his illustri- ous predecessor, upheld an edifice in which all the re- quirements of modern educational methods should be found. Like him, also, as years crept on, he asked for a coadjutor, and the Bishop of Newark, Michael Augustine Corrigan, was sent to him.
F. — Born in Newark, 31 August, 1839, his college days were spent at Mt. St. Mary's, Emmitsburg, and at Rome. Ordained in 1863, Bishop Corrigan be- came president of Seton Hall College in 1868, Bishop of Newark in 1873, Coadjutor of New York in 1880, and archbishop in 1885 (see Corrigan, Michael A.). He died, from an accidental fall during the building of the Lady Chapel at the Cathedral, 5 May, 1902. It was said of him by the New York "Evening Post": "The memory of his life distils a fragrance like to that of St. Francis." By some New Yorkers he was for a time a much misunderstood man, whose memory time will vindicate. Acute thinkers are appreciating his worth as a civilian as well as a churchman, and the fact that, for Catholics, he grappled with the first menac- ing move of Socialism and effectually and permanently checked its advance. He was an administrator of ability and, socially, a man of winning personality. To the serious problem of providing for the spiritual need of the inrushing thousands of European immi- grants he gave successful consideration. The splen- did seminary at Dunwoodie is his best memorial. Its beautiful chapel he built at a cost of $60,000 — his whole private inherited fortune. During his admin- istration controversy over the school question was waged with a certain amount of acrimony. He was regarded as the leader of those all over the country who stood for uncompromising Catholic education. Archbishop Corrigan was also drawn into conflict with the Rev. Dr. Edward McGIynn, rector of St. Stephen's church, a man of considerable ability, but whose radical views on the ownership of land had brought on him the official censure of Cardinal Si- meoni. Prefect of Propaganda. In the municipal elec- tion of 1886, in spite of the archbishop's warnings, he became the open partisan of Henry George who was the candidate for mayor of the Single Tax party. As a consequence, he was suspended, and, as an alumnus of the College of Propaganda, was summoned to Rome to answer the charges made against him. He refused to go and was excommunicated. — For details and text of official letters, see Archbishop Corrigan's statement to New York papers (21 January, 1887) and Dr. McGlynn's formal answer in Henry George's "Standard" (5 February, 1887).— Dr. McGlynn's partisans organized themselves into what they called the Anti-Poverty Society. He addressed this body every Sunday until about Christmas, 1892. when, having willingly accepted the conditions laid down by the pope, he was absolved from censure and recon- ciled by Mgr Satolli, the Apostolic delegate. Ac- cording to a published statement by Mgr Satolli, the conditions were in this form: " Dr. McGIynn had pre- sented a brief statement of his opinions on moral-
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economic matters, and it was judged not contrary to the doctrine constantly taught by the Church, and as recently confirmed by the Holy Father in the encycli- , cal 'Rerum Novarum'. Also it is hereby made known that Dr. McGlynn, besides publicly professing his adherence to all the doctrines and teachings of. the Catholic Church, has expressed his regret (saying that he would be the first to regret it) for any word or act of his that may have seemed lacking in the respect due to ecclesiastical authority, and he hereby intends to repair as far as he can any offense which may have been given to Catholics. Finally, Dr. McGlynn has of his own free will declared and promised that, within the limits of a not long period of time, he will go to Rome in the spirit and intention which are be- coming to a good Catholic and a priest." In 1894 Dr. McGlynn was appointed pastor of St. Mary's church, Newburg, where he remained quietly until his death in 1901.
Archbishop Corrigan made his last visit ad limina in 1890 and after his return, until his death in 1902, devoted himself entirely to the duties of his high office. His death brought out the fact that he was the foremost figure of the community in the respect and affection of his fellow-citizens. His unassuming personality and his gentle method, his considerate kindness and his unaffected piety were pathways to the loVe and veneration of his own flock. His stead- fast adherence to principle, as well as his persuasive manner of, not only teaching, but also of acting out the doctrines of his religion, his profound scholarship, his experienced judgment, were ever employed when there was question of a religious, moral, or civil import to his fellow-men. The truth of this is to be found in the testimony of Leo XIII, himself, of the civil digni- taries of the land, of his brethren in the episcopate, of his own clergy and laity, on the mournful occa- sion of his death. Under the second and third arch- bishops, Mgr William Quinn, V.G., was a prominent figure, and among his associates of this era were Mgr Thomas S. Preston, Mgr Arthur J. Donnelly, Mgr James McMahon, Mgr P. F. McSweeny, Fathers M. Curran. William EVerett, W. H. Clowry, Felix H. Farrelly, Eugene McGuire. Thomas Farrell, Edward J. O'Reilly, M. J. O'Farrell (later Bishop of Trenton), and Edmund Aubril.
G. — As fourth archbishop, the Holy See confirmed the choice of the diocesan electors, and appointed to fill the vacancy the auxiliary, the Right Rev. John Murphy Farley, titular Bishop of Zeugma, who was
gromoted to the archbishopric 15 September, 1902. [e was born at Newton Hamilton, County Armagh, Ireland, 20 April, 1842. His primary studies were made at St. McCartan's College, Monaghan. and, on his coming to New York, were continued at St. John's College, Fordham. Thence he went to the provincial seminary at Troy for his philosophy course, and after this to the American College, Rome, where he was ordained priest 11 June, 1870. Returning to New York, he ministered as an assistant in St. Peter's parish, Staten Island, for two years, and in 1872 was appointed secretary to the then Archbishop McClos- key. in which office he served until 1884, when he was made pastor of St. Gabriel's church, New York City. He accompanied the cardinal to Rome in 1878, for the election of Leo XIII, which event, however, took place before their arrival. In 1884 he was made a private chamberlain; in 1892 he was promoted to the domes- tic prelacy, and in 1895 to be prothonotary apostolic. In 1891 he was chosen vicar-general of the diocese by Archbishop Corrigan, and, on 21 December, 1895, was consecrated as his auxiliary, with the title of Bishop of Zeugma. At the death of Archbishop Corrigan, he was appointed his successor, 15 Sept., 1902, and Pius X named him assistant at the pontifical throne in 1904. He made progress in Catholic education in the diocese the keynote of his administration, and within
the first eight years added nearly fifty parochial schools ' to the primary list, encouraged the increase also of high schools, and founded Cathedral College as a preparatory seminary.
In the proceedings of the annual convention of the Catholic Educational Association held in New York in 1903, and of the National Eucharistic Congress in 1904, Archbishop Farley took a most active and directive part. Synods were held regularly every third year, and theological conferences quarterly, to give effect to every instruction and legislative act of the Holy See. A monthly recollection for all the priests of the diocese assembled together was insti tuted . Provision was made for the religious needs of Italians and other Catholic immigrants— the Italian portion of his flock numbering about 400,000 souls. The great work of issuing The Catholic Encyclopedia owed its inception and progress to his help and stimulus. The centenary of the erection of the diocese was celebrated under his direction by a magnificent festi- val lasting a week (April 27-May2, 1908); the Lady Chapel of the Ca- thedral was com- pleted, the Cathe- dral debt was paid off, and the edifice consecrated 5 Oc- tober, 1910, Car- dinal V i n c e n z o Vannutelli, papal legate to the Twenty-first Eu- charistic Con- gress, Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland, Car- dinal Gibbons of Baltimore, 70prel- ates, 1000 priests, and an immense congregation of the laity being present at the Mass of the day. Archbishop Farley was given an auxiliary in the Right Rev. Thomas F. Cusack, who was consecrated titular Bishop of Themiscyra, 25 April, 1904. Bishop Cusack was Dorn in New York, 22 Feb., 1862, and made his classical course at St. Francis Xavier's College where he graduated in 1880. His theological studies were pursued at the provincial seminary, Troy, where he was ordained priest in 1885. He was a very successful director of the Diocesan-Apostolate (1897- 1904) before his consecration as bishop, after which he was appointed Rector of St. Stephen s pariah.
IV. — Diocesan Institutions. — The Cathedral. — St. Patrick's Cathedral, standing on the crest of New York's most magnificent thoroughfare, is the noblest temple ever dedicated, in any land, to the honour of the Apostle of Ireland. It is an edifice of which every citizen of the great metropolis is justly proud. Its style is the decorated and geometric Gothic of which the cathedrals of Reims, Amiens, and Cologne are prominent examples. It was planned in 1853 by James Renwick of New York; construction was begun in 1858, and the building was formally opened and dedicated on 25 May, 1879 (building operations hav- ing been suspended, owing to the Civil War, from 1861 -66). The site of the cathedral, the block bounded by Fifth Avenue, Fiftieth Street, Fourth Avenue, and Fifty-first Street, has been in the possession of the church authorities, and used for ecclesiastical purposes, except during a very brief interval (1821-1828). since 1 March, 1810. The block on which the Cathedral stands was purchased at its then marketable value
Michael Au<rnsrara Corhiqah Third Arohbiahop of New York
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